[Today I Learn]

*dream up :생각해내다

*lumps : 덩어리

*amongst : [전] among

*outline : [동] 윤곽을 나타내다 / 보여주다 [명] 개요, 윤곽

*conundrum : [명] 난제, 수수께끼

*grid : [명] 격자무늬, 기준선망, 배전망, (자동차 경주) 출발점, 인터넷 망

*in particular : 특히

[Full Scripts]

Neil
Hello. This is 6 Minute English from BBC Learning English. I’m Neil.

Sam
And I’m Sam. Here at Six Minute English, we often discuss the new inventions and ideas scientists dream up to fight climate change – technologies like geo-engineering which could reduce global warming by reflecting sunlight back into space.

Neil
Often these ideas are controversial because scientists disagree over whether the technology is possible, and whether, in some cases, it could do more harm than good.

Sam
In this programme, we’ll be finding out about a new idea to collect lumps of precious metals, called nodules, from the bottom of the ocean. The idea, known as deep-sea mining, could provide the metals like copper, nickel and cobalt which are needed for the green technology used in electric car batteries and other renewable energy. But could deep-sea mining actually damage delicate ocean ecosystems as well?

Neil
We’ll be hearing from two experts and learning some new vocabulary soon, but first I have a question for you, Sam. Mammals like dolphins and whales represent a tiny amount of all marine biodiversity - the thousands of animal species living in the sea. Even all the different types of fish combined make up less than 3% of all living things in the ocean. So, according to recent estimates by Unesco oceanographers, how many different marine species have their home in the ocean? Is it:

a)    70,000?
b)    170,000?
c)    700,000?

Sam
I’ll guess there are around 170,000 animal species living in the sea.

Neil
OK, Sam, I’ll reveal the answer at the end of the programme. Deep-sea mining is supported by some scientists because it could provide the raw materials, especially metals, needed to power electric cars. Amongst them is, Bramley Murton, a professor of marine biology at Southampton’s National Oceanographic Centre. Here he outlines the problem to BBC World Service’s, Science in Action.

*amongst : [전] among

*outline : [동] 윤곽을 나타내다 / 보여주다 [명] 개요, 윤곽

Bramley Murton
As in so many things in life, there's a real kind of paradox or a conundrum. The global grid capacity by 2050 will have to increase by three times. Electrical car ownership is set to increase by a factor of 25. Solar and wind generation is going to grow by a factor of a hundred. All of these things which we need to do to decarbonise are going to require raw materials and metals in particular. So, as a society we’re faced with this conundrum. We need to decarbonise.

*conundrum : [명] 난제, 수수께끼

*grid : [명] 격자무늬, 기준선망, 배전망, (자동차 경주) 출발점, 인터넷 망

*in particular : 특히

Sam
Professor Murton describes the situation using two words. Firstly, he calls it a conundrum – a problem that is very difficult to solve. He also calls it a paradox – a situation that seems impossible because it contains two opposite ideas. Deep-sea mining could damage the ocean, but paradoxically it might provide rare metals needed to decarbonise the planet.

Neil
At the heart of the problem is that, in the future, green activities like driving electric cars and using solar power is going to increase by a factor of a hundred. If something increases by a factor of a certain number, it becomes multiplied that many times.

Sam
But another marine biologist, Helen Scales, isn’t convinced. Here she explains her doubts to BBC World Service’s, Science in Action.

Helen Scales
My concern at this point is that deep-sea mining and deep-sea nodules in particular are being seen as a silver bullet to solve the climate crisis, and in such a way as well that I think, that we can hopefully rely on life carrying on pretty much as normal. My concern is that it really will be opening a door to something much more than those tests – it’s leading down a rather slippery slope I think, towards this getting permission for deep-sea mining to be open on a commercial scale.

$be being pp : 현재 진행 수동

your car is being repaired

A building is being built

(Being) surprised, i told him not to do that

$have been pp : 수동태의 현재 완료

He has taught English to me for theree years (현재완료) --> English has been taught to me by him for three years

$have been being pp : 수동태 문장의 현재완료 진행 의미

The car is repaired by me (수동태)

The car is being repaired by me (현재 진행 수동)

The car has been being repaired by me since 9 am (현재완료 진행 수동태, 9시부터 쭉 수리되고 있는 중..)

*carry on: 계속 가다 , (구어) 휴대하다

*slippery slope: a situation or course of action that is difficult to stop and is likely to get worse and worse

*in such a way that ~

- in such a way as to V : ~ 하는 (그런) 식으로,  ~하여 (결과적으로) .. 하다 

- in such a way that ... VS : so that (that 절에는 결과와 그 결과를 얻는 방식이 복합적으로 서술됨)

Steve dresses in such a way as to attract no attention

John worded the letter in such a way as to confuse everyone

In particular, it should be designed in such a way as to satisfy certain desirable objectives

He realizes that he must act in such a way that (if death should strike him now), his life will have been significant and worth-while

*as well : 또한 역시

Neil
Helen worries that deep-sea mining will be seen as a silver bullet to the climate crisis – a simple and instant solution to a complicated problem. She thinks the tests which have been permitted to assess the difficulty of mining underwater could open the door to mining on a large scale which would damage fragile marine eco-systems beyond repair. If you open the door to something, you allow something new to start, or make it possible.

*beyond repair : 수리 불가능한

Sam
Helen thinks starting deep-sea mining leads down a slippery slope – a situation or habit that is difficult to stop and is likely to get worse and worse. And that could spell the end for thousands of marine animal and plant species.

*be likely to : ~ 할 것 같다, ~ 할 가능성이 있다

1) likely 가 형용사로 쓰이는 경우 : 있음직한 가능하다고 생각되는, 할 것 같은 , ~듯한

2) likely 가 부사로 쓰이는 경우: 아마, 십중팔구 (very, quite, most, highly, extremely 등 강조 부사와 함께 쓰임, 비교급: more likely)

He is likely to marry her soon

The new boss will highly likely to increase the profits of the company

She is more likely to accept the proposal than he is

It is likely that the economy will recover with the economic stimulus package

부정형태  'not likely'

She is not likely to arrive by 7 for the ceremony

It is not likely that he will win the singing contest

be 동사 대신 seem, appear 등과도 쓰임

It seems likely that he will remember what to do for the presentation

The wound seems likely to heal quickly

반대표현으로 unlikely 가 있음

She is unlikley to get the position

비슷한 표현으로 probable , possible

It is probabel / possible that ~  ( be probable (possible) to 형태로는 쓸 수 없음 )

*spell: [동] 철자를 말하다, 철자에 맞게 쓰다, (나쁜 결과를) 가져오다, (다른 사람이 휴식하도록) 교대하다  

Neil
Yes, our oceans need protection as much as our land and skies - which reminds me of my question, Sam.

Sam
Yes, you asked how many different marine species live in the ocean and I guessed it was b) 170,000.

Neil
Which was the wrong answer, I’m afraid! There are estimated to be around 700,000 marine species, only about 226,000 of which have been identified so far. OK, let’s recap the vocabulary we’ve learned from the programme, starting with conundrum – a problem that’s very difficult to fix.

*There are estimated : ~ 추정(추산) 된다 

In Serbia there are estimated to be up to 900,000 illicit firearms, mostly AK-type military weapons.

The stars there are estimated to have formed almost 13 billion years ago

Sam
A paradox describes a situation that seems impossible because it contains two opposite ideas.

Neil
If something grows by a factor of ten, it becomes multiplied ten times.

*multiplied

Those concerns will be multiplied many times over should the chancellor's latest proposals come to fruition.

All of them would have been multiplied many times had AIG failed too.  (if AIG had failed too)

Solidarity's demands multiplied and Soviet misgivings intensified

Sam
The term, a silver bullet, means a simple solution to a complicated problem - often a solution that doesn’t actually exist.

Neil
A slippery slope is a situation or course of action that is difficult to stop and is likely to get worse and worse

*course of action: a plan; a set of intended actions, through which one intends to achieve a goal

- Everyone would prefer that course of action

- Appraisal is a difficult course of action

Sam
And finally, the idiom to open the door to something means to allow something new to start or to make it possible. 

Sam
Hello. This is 6 Minute English from BBC Learning English. I’m Sam.

Neil
And I’m Neil. There are a million songs about falling in love, and just as many about being broken-hearted.

Do you remember the first time you fell in love, Sam?

*just as S V: S 가 V 하듯이 / 이듯이 /인 것처럼 

Sam
Yes - I was fourteen and it seemed like every word of every love song had been written just for me!

Neil
There’s a strong connection between music and love - as Shakespeare famously wrote, ‘If music be the food of love, play on’.

In this programme we’ll be meeting a singer-songwriter who used music to express her feelings of falling in love, and later to mend her broken heart when the relationship ended.

And as usual, we’ll be learning some new vocabulary as well.

Sam
But first I have a question for you, Neil. Your mention of Shakespeare reminds me of Romeo and Juliet, his famous lovers who fall in love despite their fighting families, only to die tragically young. But in which Italian city was Romeo and Juliet set? Was it:

a) Florence?
b) Venice? or,
c) Verona?

*only to do : 1. 그 결과는 ~ 뿐, 2. 단지 ... 하기 위해 

* set in place 

Neil
I think it must be one of the world’s most romantic cities - Florence.

Sam

OK, Neil, I’ll reveal the answer later in the programme. Julia Jacklin is an Australian singer-songwriter whose song, ‘Don’t Know How To Keep Loving You’, reached number eight in the Australian pop charts. Her song lyrics explore feelings of falling in love as well as the pain of breaking up.

Neil
Julia’s songs are written from experience. Several years ago she quit her band in Australia and bought a one-way ticket to London to be with her boyfriend and soulmate – the person who she felt a special romantic connection with. But things didn’t work out as she’d hoped, and she found herself alone and working in a depressing job.

Sam
Julia turned to music, pouring her feelings of lost love into the songs which later became her first album as a successful grown-up musician. So when BBC World Service programme, The Conversation, spoke with her, they asked Julia what she would tell her younger self:

Julia Jacklin
The one thing that was just very heart-breaking for me at that age was adult cynicism, I guess, about love… I found that really difficult.

You know, now when a young person is, like, really in love at fourteen, I know that as an adult, all your instincts are telling them… you know that it's probably not going to work, you know? And it's like, just relax, or whatever, but I remember at the time just desperately wanting to be validated by adults and not be told that I was being stupid.

I don't know, I'd probably just be like, yeah - go for it!

Neil
Many teenagers have a romantic ideal of ever-lasting love, often in contrast to the beliefs of adults which Julia calls cynicism - the belief that something will not be successful, or that the people involved are not sincere.

*in contrast to : ~ 에 대한, (to/with) ~ 와는 대조적으로

*sincere: 진실된, 진정한

Sam
The young Julia wanted to feel validated – to get confirmation that her feelings were worthwhile and valued. She wanted someone to tell her, ‘Go for it!’, a phrase used to encourage a person to do whatever it takes to make something work.

Neil
Young love is delicate and it’s easy to be pessimistic. I mean, how many couples do you know, Sam, who met as teenagers and stayed together for the rest of their lives?

*delicate: 연약한

*pessimistic: 비관적인

Sam
I don’t know many, it’s true. Neuroscientist, Dr Lucy Brown, is co-creator of, The Anatomy Of Love, a website exploring the science of romance. She thinks we need to be more realistic about falling in love, as she explains here to BBC World Service’s, The Conversation:

Dr Lucy Brown
I wish someone had said: you know love is wonderful… yes, go for it but heartbreak happens and maybe this isn’t gonna last… maybe it is, but maybe it isn't, and just realise that it can be one of the most devastating experiences in your life, but you're gonna get over it.

*realise : realize

*devastate: 완전히 파괴하다, 엄청난 충격을 주다

Neil
Dr Brown thinks it’s important to know that relationships can end in heartbreak - feelings of great sadness, as if your heart is broken, especially after the end of a romantic affair.

*end in : ~ 로 끝나다

*affair: 연애

Sam
But she also wants young people to know that, whatever happens, they can get over it - feel better again after something has made them unhappy.

Neil
Falling in love is one of the great experiences in life, and developing the strength to face whatever happens makes it more likely that the story ends happily– unlike the tale of Romeo and Juliet.

*make it more likely that ~ : ~ 할 가능성을 높이다

- likely: 어떤 행동을 할 것 같음 또는 어떤 상황이 생길 것 같음

- likely to do : ~ 할 듯함 , likely that something will happen : 무언가 상황이 생길 듯함

Sam
I think it’s time to reveal the answer to my question – in which Italian city does the story of Romeo and Juliet take place?

Neil
I said it was Florence – so, was I right?

Sam
Well, Florence is a romantic city, but the correct answer is… Verona. Verona was little known in Shakespeare’s time, but nowadays thousands of tourists visit the sites connected with the story, including the famous balcony where Romeo declared his eternal love. OK, let’s recap the vocabulary we’ve learned starting with soulmate – the special person who you feel a strong romantic bond to.

Neil
Cynicism describes the belief that something will not work out successfully.

Sam
If you are validated, you get external confirmation that your actions, ideas or feelings are worthwhile and valuable.

Neil
You can use the phrase, Go for it! to encourage someone to make whatever efforts are necessary to get something done.

Sam
Heartbreak describes feelings of great sadness, as if your heart is broken.

Neil
And finally, to get over something means to feel better again after something has made you unhappy.

One again our six minutes are up, but there’s time for one more famous saying and I think it’s good advice: “better to have loved and lost, than never to have loved at all”. Goodbye for now.

Sam
Recently I met up with an old school friend who I hadn’t seen for years. We talked for hours…

Neil
It sounds like you had a good chinwag – a long and pleasant conversation between friends, which is great because in this programme we’re talking about talking.

We’ll be discussing conservations – the exchange of ideas, thoughts and feelings that happens when people talk to each other. 

Sam
With the rise of Twitter and social media, which encourages us to give our opinion on a subject without always listening in return, some think the art of conversation is being lost.

But luckily, there are still millions of us who love to talk, chat, chinwag and chatter away.

In fact, in 2012 a competition in Latvia broke the world record for the longest telephone conversation.

So, Neil, my question is this: how long did this record-breaking conversation last? Was it:
a) 24 hours and 4 minutes?
b) 54 hours and 4 minutes? or,
c) 84 hours and 4 minutes?

Neil
Hmmm, I’ll guess a) 24 hours and 4 minutes, after which they probably fell asleep!

Sam
OK, Neil, I’ll reveal the correct answer later in the programme.

During a long career, DJ and BBC radio presenter, Nihal Arthanayake, has had conversations with hundreds of people. Now he’s used these experiences to write a book entitled, ‘Let's Talk: How to Have Better Conversations’.

Here Nihal tells another radio presenter, Michael Rosen, of BBC Radio 4’s, Word of Mouth, about the influence of his mother who also loved talking to people in her job as a nurse:

Nihal Arthanayake
Well, it gave me the sense that you are enriched by listening.

And this was of course, pre-social media which has of course encouraged us to project - to transmit - more than receive.

So it meant that I guess I was conscious of experiences of others, and wanted to try and understand them.

Also, partially, Michael, it was a survival instinct because I was a little brown boy in a predominantly white school, a state school in the 1980s.

Neil
For Nihal, good conversation involves listening as much as speaking.

By listening we find out things about the person we are talking to which, in turn, help us understand ourselves.

This is why Nihal says we are enriched by listening – we are improved by having something else added.

Sam
As a British Asian boy growing up in a white community, Nihal also thinks conversation was a way for him to make friends and find protection. He says having conversations was a survival instinct - the human instinct to do something in a dangerous situation that will keep them safe from harm.

Neil
Nihal sees an important difference between ‘listening simply to reply’, and ‘listening to understand’. When we ‘listen to reply’, we are thinking about the next thing we want to say more than trying to understand the other person’s point of view. ‘Listening to understand’, on the other hand, helps build bridges - improve relationships between people who are very different or do not like each other.

Sam
Here’s Nihal again in conversation with BBC Radio 4’s, Word of Mouth:

Nihal Arthanayake
So conversation can build bridges, and it is proven through history that conversation has, and that conversation can be seen as an art form, and that's one of the things that I want us to understand – it's not just tittle tattle, it's not just shouting at each other on social media, it's not two politicians talking over each other.

Neil
Good conversation brings people together, unlike tittle-tattle - talk about other people's lives that is usually unkind, disapproving, or untrue.

Sam
And good conversation involves taking turns, not talking over someone – trying to silence people by talking more loudly, forcefully, and persistently than them.

Neil
Hopefully, Nihal’s tips can help us all have better conversations, encounter new ideas and make friends. So, Sam, did you do any of these things when you met up with your old school friend?

Sam
I think so. We both listened to each other, there was no tittle-tattle but a little bit of gossip. Before we knew it a couple of hours had passed - but not as much time as those record-breaking telephone conservations I mentioned earlier.

Neil
Ah yes, in your question you asked how long the world’s longest telephone conversation lasted. It guessed it was an incredible 24 hours and 4 minutes… was I right?

Sam
Well, Neil, I’m afraid that was… the wrong answer. In fact, the record-breaking conversation lasted 54 hours and 4 minutes - about the same as 540 programmes of 6 Minute English!

Neil
Wow! OK, let’s recap the vocabulary we’ve learned from this programme on the art of good conversations, starting with chinwag – a long and pleasant conversation between friends.

Sam
When something is enriched, it’s improved by having something else added to it.

Neil
The survival instinct is the basic instinct in humans and animals to do something in a dangerous situation that will keep them alive.

Sam
If you build bridges, you improve relationships between people who are very different or do not like each other.

Neil
Tittle-tattle is talk about other people's lives that is usually unkind, disapproving, or untrue.

Sam
And finally, if you talk over someone, you silence or drown them out by talking more loudly than them. That’s the end of our conversation, but remember to join us soon for more trending topics and useful vocabulary. Bye for now!

#include <iostream>

template<typename PreviousDispatcher, typename Msg, typename Func>
class TemplateDispatcher
{
  
  public:
  TemplateDispatcher(){}
  template<typename OtherMsg, typename OtherFunc>
  TemplateDispatcher<TemplateDispatcher,OtherMsg,OtherFunc>handle(OtherFunc&& f){
      return TemplateDispatcher<TemplateDispatcher,OtherMsg,OtherFunc>();
  }
      
};

class dispatcher
{
  public:
  template<typename Message, typename Func>
  TemplateDispatcher<dispatcher,Message,Func> handle(Func&& f){
    return TemplateDispatcher<dispatcher,Message,Func>();
  }
};


class receiver
{
    public:
    dispatcher wait()
    {
        return dispatcher();
    }
};


int main(void)
{
        receiver r;
        r.wait()
        .handle<int>([&]{})
        .handle<double>([&]{});
  
        return 0;
}

#include <iostream>

template<typename PreviousDispatcher, typename Msg, typename Func>
class TemplateDispatcher
{
  
  public:
  inline TemplateDispatcher()
  {
  }
  
  template<typename OtherMsg, typename OtherFunc>
  inline TemplateDispatcher<TemplateDispatcher<PreviousDispatcher, Msg, Func>, OtherMsg, OtherFunc> handle(OtherFunc && f)
  {
    return TemplateDispatcher<TemplateDispatcher<PreviousDispatcher, Msg, Func>, OtherMsg, OtherFunc>();
  }
};

/* First instantiated from: insights.cpp:40 */
#ifdef INSIGHTS_USE_TEMPLATE
template<>
class TemplateDispatcher<dispatcher, int, __lambda_40_22>
{
  
  public:
  inline TemplateDispatcher()
  {
  }
  
  template<typename OtherMsg, typename OtherFunc>
  inline TemplateDispatcher<TemplateDispatcher<dispatcher, int, (lambda)>, OtherMsg, OtherFunc> handle(OtherFunc && f);
  
  /* First instantiated from: insights.cpp:41 */
  #ifdef INSIGHTS_USE_TEMPLATE
  template<>
  inline TemplateDispatcher<TemplateDispatcher<dispatcher, int, __lambda_40_22>, double, __lambda_41_25> handle<double, __lambda_41_25>(__lambda_41_25 && f)
  {
    return TemplateDispatcher<TemplateDispatcher<dispatcher, int, __lambda_40_22>, double, __lambda_41_25>();
  }
  #endif
  
};

#endif
/* First instantiated from: insights.cpp:41 */
#ifdef INSIGHTS_USE_TEMPLATE
template<>
class TemplateDispatcher<TemplateDispatcher<dispatcher, int, __lambda_40_22>, double, __lambda_41_25>
{
  
  public:
  inline TemplateDispatcher()
  {
  }
  
  template<typename OtherMsg, typename OtherFunc>
  inline TemplateDispatcher<TemplateDispatcher<TemplateDispatcher<dispatcher, int, (lambda)>, double, (lambda)>, OtherMsg, OtherFunc> handle(OtherFunc && f);
};

#endif


class dispatcher
{
  
  public:
  template<typename Message, typename Func>
  inline TemplateDispatcher<dispatcher, Message, Func> handle(Func && f)
  {
    return TemplateDispatcher<dispatcher, Message, Func>();
  }
  
  /* First instantiated from: insights.cpp:40 */
  #ifdef INSIGHTS_USE_TEMPLATE
  template<>
  inline TemplateDispatcher<dispatcher, int, __lambda_40_22> handle<int, __lambda_40_22>(__lambda_40_22 && f)
  {
    return TemplateDispatcher<dispatcher, int, __lambda_40_22>();
  }
  #endif
  
};




class receiver
{
  
  public:
  inline dispatcher wait()
  {
    return dispatcher();
  }
  
  // inline constexpr receiver() noexcept = default;
};




int main()
{
  receiver r = receiver();
      
  class __lambda_40_22
  {
    public:
    inline /*constexpr */ void operator()() const
    {
    }
    
    
  };
  
  
  class __lambda_41_25
  {
    public:
    inline /*constexpr */ void operator()() const
    {
    }
    
    
  };
  
  r.wait().handle<int, __lambda_40_22>(__lambda_40_22{}).handle<double, __lambda_41_25>(__lambda_41_25{});
  return 0;
}

1. Would

2. Could

3. Should

1. 메모리 가시성이란 한 thread 에서 변경한 특정 메모리 값이 다른 thread에서 제대로 읽어지는지 여부를 의미함
2. 이 가시성이 이슈가 되는 경우는 멀티 코어 환경에서 여러 thread 가 동시에 실행되는 상황임
3. 첫번째 이유는 CPU 메모리 아키텍쳐 (레지스터& 캐시) 때문임  
4. 각 코어(CPU)가 메인 메모리와 별도로 이러한 메모리 아키텍쳐를 갖고 있기 때문.
5. 두번째 이유는 컴파일러의 최적화 때문임
6.  컴파일러에서 프로그램이 최대한 빠르게 실행될 수 있도록 코어의 레지스터와 캐시를 적극 사용하도록 최적화 하는 것
7.  따라서, Shard memory 모델의 concurrent , parallel programming 에서는 한 코어에서의 값 변경을 여러 코어가 공유하는 메인 메모리로 반영하는 작업을 적절히 수행해줘야함
8. 하지만 코어 메모리 아키텍처에 쓰는 것에 비해 메인 메모리에 값을 쓰는(flash) 것은 느림
9. 매번 메모리에 쓰는 것은 비효율적이므로 적절한 시점에만 메인 메모리에 쓰는 것이 필요함
10. 여기서 등장하는 내용이 메모리 장벽(memory barrier)임
11. 이 장벽을 만나면 이전까지의 레지스터나 캐시값의 변경을 메모리에 쓰는 것임
12. 이 장벽을 세울려면 결국 컴파일러가 장벽을 설치할수 있도록 프로그래머가 코드에 추가해줘야 함
13. 멀티스레딩에서 등장하는 lock 도 메모리 장벽이 필수적임
14. lock을 소유하는 코어가 특정 메모리에 표시를 해두면, 다른 코어가 그 값을 보고 자신이 lock을 소유할 수 없는 상태라는 것을 판단하기 때문에 이 lock을 위한 메모리를 읽고 쓰는 과정에 메모리 장벽이 반드시 필요한 것임
15. atomic 클래스가 나온 것도 이러한 메모리 가시성 때문임
16. 즉, atomic 클래스로 정의한 변수에 값을 쓰거나 읽는 것은 레지스터나 캐시가 아니라 메인 메모리에서 수행되도록 해주는 것임
17. 추가적으로 메모리 장벽은 메모리 재배치(reordering) 과도 관련이 있음
18. 컴파일러가 메모리 장벽을 넘어서까지 재배치를 하지 않는 다는 것
    (메모리 장벽 이전까지 메모리 작업을 메인 메모리에 반영하고 그 이후는 재배치를 하지 않게 되는 것)

결론: 다중 코어 기반의 멀티 스레딩 프로그래밍에서는 공유되는 메모리에 관련해서 메모리 가시성을 파악하고 적절히 메모리 장벽을 사용하는 것이 중요함

Neil
Every four years the best players in the world gather for one month in the summer to take part in the biggest event in football – the World Cup.

But this year, for the first time ever, the competition is taking place in winter. Why? Because the 2022 World Cup is happening in Qatar.

- Every four years : 매 4년 마다

- gather for one month : 한달 동안 모이다 ( for + 기간 / 거리 : ~ 동안 )

- for the first time ever: 최초로 (ever 의 뜻 4개 : 언젠가, 여태껏, 강조, 계속해서)

   1) Have you ever been to Japan ?, Will you ever marry me ? If you ever change your mind, let me know

   2) As ever, he skipped the class (as ever: 여느 때처럼, than ever: 여태껏 보다)

   3) Dont' ever do this again (Never ever ~ 은 좀 더 강조)

   4) They lived happily ever after 

Beth
Over a million fans from all over the world are expected to visit Qatar for the World Cup which starts on the 20th of November.

Because temperatures in Qatar exceed 45 degrees in the summer, the competition was moved to the winter. But the decision to hold the World Cup in the tiny, oil-rich Gulf state has been controversial.

  [on]

   ~ which starts on the 20th of November: 11월 20일에 시작한다 ("날짜"를 의미하는 경우 전치사 "on", "년도,월"에는 "in")

  [move]

   move to(변경하다), move up(앞당기다), move back(미루다)

    1) Can we move up the date to May 25th?, I want to move the meeting up to next Monday

    2) We'd like to move the meeting back,  I want to move it back 3 days

  [hold]

   hold a meeting/event (개최하다): The conference will be held in Atlanta

   hold your tongue (말 안하고 참다): I had some criticisms of the manager's ideas, but i held my tongue

   hold your nose(코를 막다): we held our noses as we walked past the garbage cans 

   be on hold (통화중 대기): I called the bank and they put me on hold for ten minutes

   hold someone responsible(책임 지우다) : Since you're the team leader, the boss will hold you responsible

   hold your ground(입장을 고수하다): I tried to talk him out of leaving his job, but he held his ground

   hold on tight (손으로 꽉 쥐다) : I held on tight to my purse as i pushed through the crowded street   

Neil
One of the richest countries in the world, Qatar has no tradition of playing football and some have criticised the focus on money instead of sport.

And there are other criticisms too – about human rights and the treatment of the migrant construction workers who built the football stadiums, roads, transport systems and hotels without which the World Cup could not happen.

- has no trandition of ~ : ~ 에 전통이 없다

- have criticised the focus on ~ : ~에 집중하는 것을 비판해왔다

- (A) without which (B) : A 없으면 B 다 (Money is like a sixth senth without which you cannot make a complete use of the other five.)   

Beth
In this programme we’ll be asking: is it right for Qatar to host the World Cup? And of course, we’ll be learning some new and useful vocabulary as well.

Neil
But before that I have a question for you Beth. Which country has won the World Cup the most times? Is it:

a) Italy?
b) Brazil? or,
c) Germany?

Beth
I think it must be Brazil.

Neil
OK, I’ll reveal the answer at the end of the programme. Advertising for the Qatar World Cup shows football fans staying in new hotels and watching matches in air-conditioned stadiums.

But hidden behind this, the lives of the migrant workers from Nepal, India and other South Asian countries reveal a very different story.

Beth
The population of Qatar is tiny and 95% of the total workforce are foreigners working in extreme heat, housed in poor quality accommodation, and often underpaid. Rothna Begum, a researcher for Human Rights Watch, explained their situation to BBC World Service programme, Business Daily:

Rothna Begum
We’re still recording and documenting migrant workers facing abuse and exploitation in Qatar.

They include workers reporting having paid exorbitant and illegal recruitment fees to secure work abroad on two-year contracts, and then finding out they’re coming on three-month visas, which means that they're not able to make up or recoup the price that they've paid to actually get this job, and may well be sent home in debt on top of everything else.

Neil
Migrant workers face exploitation. Exploitation means treating someone unfairly to get some advantage for yourself. Many of the World Cup workers were exploited by being paid less than agreed, being paid late, or not being paid at all.

Beth
The construction jobs seemed a good opportunity for migrant workers to save money to send home to their families. Many paid exorbitant fees – fees which were much bigger than they should be, just to get a job in Qatar.

Neil
But despite being given two-year job contracts, some workers were only allowed to stay three months. Because they couldn’t make enough money, many returned home in debt – owing money to someone that they will have to pay back. What’s worse, many have died building the football stadiums, in accidents, or due to overwork and heat stress.

Beth
So, with all this criticism, added to the billions of dollars Qatar spent preparing for the competition, was it worth it? James Dawsey is an expert on the politics of football in the Middle East. Here he explains to BBC World Service’s, Business Daily, that for Qatar, hosting the World Cup is more about improving its international reputation than economics:

James Dawsey
But this is not about economics for Qatar. Qatar is a small state. It is sandwiched between two regional behemoths: Saudi Arabia and Iran. And so its whole policy is geared towards soft power, whether that's sports, whether that's the airport and the airline…

Neil
Qatar may be rich thanks to its oil, but it’s not a large country unlike neighbouring Saudi Arabia and Iran, countries which James Dawsey called behemoths – something which is extremely large and powerful.

Beth
Qatar is sandwiched between these larger counties. If you’re sandwiched between two things you’re in a narrow, tight space between them. Because Qatar isn’t as powerful as its bigger neighbours, it uses soft power – the way a country uses its economic and cultural influence to persuade other countries, instead of using military power. Hosting an important international event like the World Cup is a part of Qatar’s soft power strategy to be considered an important country on the world stage.

Neil
Whatever the rights and wrongs of the debate, this will be the first Arab nation to host the World Cup, although it’s unlikely that the Qatari team will actually win - unlike a more famous footballing nation, Italy, who won the first World Cup they hosted in 1934.

Beth
And speaking of World Cup winners, what was the answer to your question, Neil? Which country has won the most World Cups? I guessed it was Brazil…

Neil
Which was…. the correct answer of course! With five title wins, Brazil is the most successful World Cup team followed closely by Italy and Germany with four titles each. OK, let’s recap the vocabulary we’ve learned starting with exploitation - treating someone unfairly in order to benefit yourself.

Beth
If the price of something is exorbitant, it’s much higher than it should be.

Neil
A debt is an amount of money that you owe to someone else.

Beth
A behemoth refers to something which is extremely large and powerful.

Neil
And if you’re sandwiched between two things, you’re in a in a tight, narrow space between them.

Beth
And finally, soft power describes strategies used by a country to increase its power through economic and cultural influences, instead of fighting wars. 

임신 그리고 출산의 고통을 맛본지 엊그제 같은데
우리 아기가 벌써 돌을 앞두고 있다니!
내가 돌준맘이라니!

아기의 첫 생일을 기념하는 날이라 예쁘고 좋은곳에서
잔치를 해주고 싶은데, 아기를 키우며 돌잔치를 준비하는게
여간 번거로운게 아니더라구요

게다가 끝나지 않은 코시국..
소규모로 직계끼리만 진행 하되, 예쁘고 좋은곳 어디 없나?
고민하며 주변을 찾아보던중 발견한 판교 더파티하우스

답사 갔을때는 아기도 함께이고 신중히 둘러보느라
사진을 못찍은 관계로^^; 카톡 채팅 중 받은 사진을
올립니당 어차피 제 똥손보다 저 사진들이 더 예쁘네요

사실 파티하우스 외에 연인의 정원, 온파티도 같이
고민중에 있었는데 다른곳들은 주말에는 상담이 불가하고
평일에만 가능하다고 한다🥲
하지만 아기 키우는 엄마가 평일에 아기랑 답사 가기에는
어려운 현실.. 주말에는 잔치가 있으니 어쩔수 없다해도
조금 불편하다고 느껴졌던 시스템

여튼 파티하우스는 주말 상담도 가능하다하여
남편과 젤 먼저 방문해보고 그 뒤에 평일 상담을 가보고자
했는데 웬걸...! 파티하우스가 너무 마음에 들었다

스냅사진 찍기에도 공간이 너무 예뻤고
연인의 정원과 온파티의 딱 중간 가격대였는데 그것도 좋고
위치도 좋고 이래저래...!!

굳이 힘들게 평일 답사 갈 필요가 없을정도로
마음에 들어 당일에 바로 예약 고고😁

이제 곧 돌잔치가 다가오는데 어서 즐겁고 행복하게
아기 생일을 축하해 주고싶당!