이것저것

Sam
Hello. This is 6 Minute English from BBC Learning English. I’m Sam.

Neil
And I’m Neil. Agh, it’s raining again, Sam! I’ve had enough! It’s been drizzling, that’s raining lightly, all week…

Sam
I know what you mean, Neil. Living in a wet country like Britain I sometimes wish I could push a magic button and stop it raining.

Neil
And ironically, people living in hot, dry countries need rain but don’t get it. If only we could control the weather…

Sam
It’s funny you should say that, Neil, because you’re not the first person to have that idea. In this programme, we’ll be hearing about ‘cloud-seeding’ and ‘geo-engineering’, two controversial methods scientists are using to manipulate or change the weather. And as usual, we’ll be learning some new vocabulary as well.

Neil
Anything that stops it drizzling sounds good to me, Sam.

Sam
I hate to disappoint you, Neil, but these ideas involve making more, not less, rain. We’ll learn the details soon but first I have a question for you about the wettest place in the world, a village which gets nearly twelve metres of rain a year. But where is it? Is the wettest village on earth found in:

a) Ireland?
b) New Zealand? or
c) India?

Neil
Well, it rains a lot in Ireland doesn’t it, so I’ll say that’s where the wettest place on earth is.

Sam
OK, Neil. We’ll find out if that’s the correct answer later in the programme.

Neil
The first type of weather manipulation we’ll hear about is a way of getting snow and rain out of clouds known as ‘cloud seeding’. Airplanes fly through the clouds and spray chemicals to make water particles freeze and stick together as snowflakes. These then fall as snow which builds up during winter before melting in spring to help water crops.

Sam
Listen as Charmaine Cozier, presenter of BBC World Service programme, The Inquiry, speaks with Professor Katja Friedrich, an atmospheric scientist at the University of Colorado:

Charmaine Cozier
The first cloud seeding experiments took place in the 1940s. In the years since, scientists are often accused of meddling with nature.

*meddling : [명] 간섭, 참견 / [형] 간섭하는, 참견하는

*accuse : [동] 고발/고소/비난 하다 

 - accused of : ~ 로 고소당하다 (She accused the man of stealing, The man was charged with stealing)

Professor Katja Friedrich
People are thinking, yeah, you’re putting some substances in the atmosphere that should not be there. Usually I respond and say, every time you get into your car, every time you get on an airplane you put substances in the air that don't belong, so you're also playing God.

Neil
Because everyone needs water, cloud seeding is becoming more and more popular, with scientists from over fifty countries using the method to extract rain from clouds. But some critics accuse these scientists of meddling with nature – trying to change something which it’s not their responsibility to change.

Sam
In other words, they’re accused of playing God – acting as if they have unlimited power and can do whatever they want.

Neil
Unlike cloud-seeding, the next type of weather modification has never been tested and is still just a theory. ‘Solar geo-engineering’ aims to reduce global warming by reflecting sunlight away from the Earth, back into space. This involves putting tiny particles called aerosols into the stratosphere - the band of sky twenty kilometres above the surface of the earth, about twice as high as airplanes fly.

*aim to : ~ 하는 것을 목표로 하다

*away from : ~ 에서 떠나서

*involve  :    1. 수반(포함)하다 2. 관련(연루)시키다 3. 참여 시키다

   - involve somebody in something: ~ 에게 ~ 을 겪게(말려들게) 하다

   - involve matters: 문제를 복잡하게하다

   - involve some risk: 위험이 따르다

Sam
Although it’s never been tested, the method is controversial, as Charmaine Cozier discussed with Harvard University professor of engineering, David Keith, for BBC World Service’s, The Inquiry:

Charmaine Cozier
How controversial is this area?

Professor David Keith
There's lots of controversy around solar geo-engineering - and for good reason. People are, I think, sensibly scared that this could provide an excuse that allows countries or companies to avoid doing the work that has to be done to cut emissions. But in fact, controversy has really waxed and waned over time, so in the early work on climate change in the 1960s, and 70s and early 80s, these ideas were just part of the way we talked about what might happen about climate change. And then, as climate change became more politically central, say in the 90s and 2000s, there was really a taboo.

*sensibly: [부] 1. 눈에 띌 정도로, 현저히 2. 현명하게

*wax and wane: 흥하다가 이울다 (= rise and fall)

*taboo: [명] 금기 , 금기시 되는 것

Neil
David Keith believes that geo-engineering could provide an excuse for inaction on climate change – a reason for countries to explain why they did not take action.

*inaction : 행동을 안하는 것

Sam
He says controversy over the method has waxed and waned - an idiom connected with the cycle of the moon which describes something that increases then decreases over time. In the 1960s for example, geo-engineering was uncontroversial, but by the 1990s it had become taboo - a subject that is avoided for social or religious reasons.

Neil
While these ideas to change the weather have potential benefits, other suggestions - for example to position a giant floating mirror between the earth and sun - are highly controversial… Although personally, I think the idea of giant floating umbrella above Britain would be good!

*although personally : 하지만 개인적으로, 비록 개인적이지만

Sam
Ha! Well, just think - there are even rainier places to live Neil, as I asked in my question: in which country is the world’s rainiest village?

Neil
I guessed it was in Ireland.

Sam
Which was… the wrong answer, I’m afraid. In fact, Mawsynram, the world’s wettest village, is in the Khasi hills of north-eastern India. With around twelve metres of rain a year, I guess it’s not somewhere you’ll be visiting, Neil! OK, let’s recap the vocabulary we’ve learned starting with drizzling which means raining lightly.

Neil
If you’re meddling you’re trying to change something which is not your responsibility or without being asked to.

Sam
Someone who is playing God is acting as if they control everything and can do whatever they want.

Neil
An excuse is a reason you give to explain why you did something wrong.

Sam
If something waxed and waned, it grew stronger then weaker over time.

Neil
And finally, a taboo is a subject that avoided for social or religious reasons. Once again, our six minutes are up! Bye for now!

Sam
In this programme we’re finding out all about food flavours. Although everyone knows what food they like the taste of, the science behind flavours is complex. Flavour involves much more than tasting with the tongue – it’s also influenced by how food looks, smells, and even how it’s described.

Neil
In this programme we’ll be meeting the flavourists – scientists who combine different natural and artificial ingredients to create the flavours we love to taste in our food. And of course, we’ll be learning some new vocabulary as well.

Sam
Sounds delicious, Neil, but first I have a question for you. No-one really knows why but certain flavours seem to work well together. Some scientists think classic combinations like lemon and lime, or strawberries and cream are so popular because their chemicals overlap in special ways. Sometimes this creates new, interesting and unusual flavours. So, what weirdly popular combination was invented by British chef, Heston Blumenthal? Was it…

a) dark chocolate and sea salt?

b) milk chocolate and chilli?  or,

c) white chocolate and caviar?

Neil
Well, I’ve tried sea salt and chocolate and I think it tastes great, so I’ll say a).

Sam
OK, Neil. I’ll reveal the correct answer at the end of the programme.

Neil
Nowadays, the flavour industry is big business. Flavourists work in high-tech laboratories and every new ice-cream, crisp or toothpaste flavour is the result of years of scientific research. But it wasn’t always like that.

Here’s food historian, Dr Nadia Berenstein, describing the beginnings of the flavour industry in the 19th century to Ruth Alexander, presenter of BBC World Service programme, The Food Chain…

Dr Nadia Berenstein
There's really only a handful of people and maybe a dozen or so companies that are really involved, and at that point they really are kind of working with secret recipes that were kept very secure, and sometimes passed down within families from father to son, so it really seemed like a guild structure from the Middle Ages at that point.

Ruth Alexander
Was it seen as some kind of dark art?

Dr Nadia Berenstein
Yes, the term black art does come up in some of the early writing of people who were producing flavours at this point.

Sam
To begin with, there were only around dozen, that’s twelve, companies experimenting with food flavours. The recipes they used were kept secret and only shared with family or trusted friends. Dr Berenstein compares these companies to a guild - an organization of people who do the same job or have the same interests.

Neil
Because it was so secretive and mysterious, people saw making flavours as a dark art - a method of achieving something in a clever but dishonest or wicked way. But this all changed after the Second World War, when the invention of processed food which could be bought in supermarkets, and kept fresh at home in the fridge, increased the demand for new and exciting flavours.

Sam
Here’s Dr Berenstein again, explaining the work of present-day flavourists to BBC World Service programme, The Food Chain…

Dr Nadia Berenstein
So, essentially becoming a flavourist today is still an apprenticeship process. There's no academic path to it, right. Your training is on-the-job, working alongside a master flavourist at a flavour and fragrance company, or at some of the bigger food companies will have their own flavour divisions. It’s a scientific profession for sure. You have to know a lot about chemistry, but it is a creative profession. At the very heart of this industrial food system, there are these craft artisans who are essentially designing molecule by molecule, the flavours that shape the way food is made to taste.

Neil
Today’s flavourists learn their art by serving an apprenticeship – a period of time spent working for a skilled master, often for low payment, in order to learn their skills. Although a background in chemistry is important, you can’t study flavours at university – the training happens on-the-job, at your place of work, while you are working.

Sam
Dr Berenstein calls flavourists craft artisans – people doing skilled work with their hands, and she describes their creations as the marriage of science and art.

Neil
Yes, I love the idea of the flavourist as a magician, adding a pinch of this flavour, or a drop of that oil to create the perfect, magical taste! I wonder if that’s what British chef, Heston Blumenthal, was trying to do…

Sam
In my question, I asked what popular flavour combination was invented by chef,  Heston Blumenthal?

Neil
I said it was a) dark chocolate and sea salt. So, was I right?

Sam
Well, it’s true that sweet and salty flavours go together well, but the correct answer was… white chocolate and caviar, a combination described by Swiss master flavourist, François Benzi, as  “weird but wonderful”. Right, let’s recap the vocabulary we’ve learned, starting with a dozen which means twelve.

Neil
Something described as a dark art refers to a method of achieving something in a clever but dishonest way.

Sam
A guild is an organization of people who do the same job.

Neil
An apprenticeship is the period of time an apprentice spends watching and working with a skilled master in order to learn their skills.

Sam
When you do something on-the-jobit happens in the workplace, while you are working.

Neil
Would you say you’re artistic, Sam? Can you draw or paint? Do you dance or play music?

당신은 예술적이라고 말할수 있나요? 샘? 그림 그릴 수 있나요? 춤추거나 음악을 연주하나요?

Sam
I play the piano a bit. Yes, I’d say I’m quite artistic. How about you, Neil?

피아노 조금 쳐요. 네 저는 꽤 예술적이라고 말할 수 있어요. 당신은요? Neil?

Neil
Well, if you count playing football as artistic then yes, but basically no – I can’t paint.

글쎄, 풋볼을 예술로 친다면, 네, 그런데 기본적으로는 아니에요 그림 못그려요.

Sam
We’ve been wondering why artistic ability comes more naturally to some people than others, so in this programme we’ll be asking: are artists’ brains different?

우리는 왜 몇몇 사람들이 다른 사람들에 비해 예술적인 능력을 타고나는 지에 대해 궁금했습니다. 그래서 이 프로그램에서는 물어볼 것입니다. "예술가들의 뇌는 다른가?" 

We’ll hear two expert opinions, and as usual, we’ll learn some useful new vocabulary as well.

우리는 두 전문가들의 의견을 들어보고, 평소처럼 유용한 새로운 표현 또한 배울 것입니다. 

So, what do you think, Neil? Are artists’ brains different from other people’s?

그래서 Neil 어떻게 생각해요? 예술가들의 뇌는 다른 사람들의 것과 다른 가요?

Neil
I’m not sure, Sam, but it’s true that many artists behave differently, often in very strange ways.

잘 모르겠어요. sam, 그런데 많은 예술가들이 종종 아주 이상한 방법으로 다르게 행동하는  건 사실이에요. 

For example, did you know that Michelangelo worked so hard he never took a bath!

 예를들면 미켈란젤로는 열심히 일하고 절대 목욕하지 않았었다는 걸 아나요? 

Or that guitar legend, Jimi Hendrix, once set fire to his guitar on stage!

또는 기타 레전드 jimi hendrix 는 무대에서 그의 기타에 불을 지른적 있어요

We’ll hear more about the artist’s brain soon, but first I have a question for you.

As you said, artistic ability comes naturally to some people, including the famous composer, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart.

Mozart was considered a child prodigy - a young child with very great musical talent. So, how old was Mozart when he composed his first piece of music? Was he:

a) five years old?
b) ten years old? or,
c) fifteen years old?

Sam
I’ll guess he was a) five years old.

Neil
OK, Sam. I’ll reveal the answer later in the programme.

If artists’ brains are different, it could mean they see the world in unusual ways.

만약 예술가들의 뇌가 다르다면, 그건 그들이 다른 방식으로 세상을 바라볼 수 있다는 것을 의미합니다.

Dr Rebecca Chamberlain is a researcher in the neuroscience of art.

She investigates how artists see the objects they are drawing by measuring saccades – the rapid movements our eyes make as they jump from one thing to another.

그녀는 예술가들이 그리는 saccades를 측정함으로써, 그들이 어떻게 사물들을 바라보는지 조사합니다. 

Here she shares her findings with BBC World Service programme, CrowdScience.

여기서 그녀가 발견한 내용들을 BBC에 공유합니다.

Rebecca Chamberlain
Artists seem to be processing the visual world in a different way to non-artists, particularly when they’re drawing.

예술가들은 비예술가들과는 다르게 시각 세계를 처리하는 것 같습니다. 특히 그림 그릴 때요.

The artist actually takes a more global approach to looking – so they make bigger saccades, bigger eye movements, and shorter fixations on the image.

예술가들은 실제로 보다 거시적으로 접근합니다. 그래서 그들은 더 큰 saccades 와 더 큰 눈 움직임 그리고 더 짧게 이미지에 고정합니다

So, it’s almost like they’re getting much more of a kind of gist level view of the thing they’re looking at. 

그래서 그들이 바라보는 것에 대한 대략적인 수준의 관점을 훨씬 더 많이 얻고 있는 것 같습니다. 

Sam
Rebecca’s experiments seem to confirm that artists’ brains work differently because of their processing of the visual world – the way their brains make sense of information. Interestingly, processing also means the act of developing pictures from photographic film.

Neil
When they draw, artists make bigger, quicker eye movements so they are able to see the whole picture, something also known as the gist – the overall, general impression of something without focussing on the details. If you ‘get the gist’ of what someone is saying, you understand the overall meaning of what they say, but not the details.

Sam
The second expert to answer our question about the artistic brain is Mike, a BBC World Service listener from Malawi. Mike is a self-taught painter who creates large, colourful pictures in his studio. According to him, artistic ability isn’t something you’re born with - it can be learned, as he explained to BBC World Service’s, CrowdScience.

Arts teacher Mike
I had this other student… he was really at the zero, like, he could not draw – at all. So, I gave him some tips, and in a month, he was really good – he was like really surprised, blown away, he never expected it. So, there are some things that are trainable, it’s like a bike. In my case, I learned how to do those things without anyone telling me, you know like, if you are drawing the face, the human face, the distance between your eyes is the same as one of your eyes. 

Neil
Mike gives tips to his students – helpful pieces of advice about how to do something, in this case, to paint. After getting Mike’s tips, one of his students really improved and started painting much better. Mike was blown away – an informal way to say very impressed or surprised.

Sam
Like learning to ride a bike, Mike thinks that painting is trainable – a word from American English meaning that it can be taught or trained. For him, this is proof that artists’ brains are not so different after all.

Neil
So, there we have it – two different options, but no final answer to our question.

Still, some scientists think there may be third possibility: everyone’s brain works by focussing on some areas and ignoring others, making a kind of jigsaw puzzle with missing pieces.

몇몇 과학자들은 세번째 가능성에 대해서도 생각합니다. 모든사람들의 뇌는 특정 영역에 집중하고 다른 것들은 무시하는 것으로 작동하고,

빠진 조각들로 일종의 jigsaw 퍼즐을 만드는 것입니다

Maybe all of us – you, me, Mozart and Jimi Hendrix - are just filling in the missing pieces our own way.

Sam
Speaking of Mozart, Neil, it’s time to reveal the answer to your question.

Neil
Right. I asked how old child prodigy Mozart was when he first composed music.

Sam
I said he was five years old… so, was I right?

Neil
Your answer was correct! Mozart was five when first wrote music, and by the age of six he had performed in front of the Emperor of Austria – twice! Now there’s an artistic brain!

Sam
OK, Neil, let’s recap the vocabulary from this programme, starting with child prodigy - a young child, like Mozart, with a great talent in something.

Neil
Processing describes how your brain makes sense of the information it receives.

Sam
The gist of something is a general understanding of it, without the details.

Neil
Tips are useful pieces of advice about how to do something better.

Sam
If you are blown away, you are very impressed or surprised by something.

Neil
And finally, trainable means able to be trained or taught, in American English.

Sam

Nowadays many people use online dating apps to find love and romance.

This involves writing a dating profile – a short description of yourself which you hope makes you appear attractive to other people looking for love online.

Roy

Online dating started with the internet, but the idea is not new.

In the days before the internet, people put dating adverts in newspapers.

Because they paid a price per word, people described themselves in as few words as possible, using abbreviations like GSOH, which meant a Good Sense Of Humour.

Eventually, GSOH became a part of everyday English.

Sam

Amazingly, the same thing is now happening in the world of online dating.

In this programme we’ll be learning some of the newly invented words and phrases being used by people who are looking for love on the internet.

Roy

Every year thousands of romantic relationships start through online dating apps.

But as always with information found on the internet, there’s a danger that someone’s dating profile doesn’t tell the whole truth. 

Sam

That’s right, Roy, so my question is this: According to research, what do men tend to lie about in their dating profile?

Is it:

a) their hair?

b) their height?

or,

c) their age?

Roy

Well, most people want to appear younger, so I’ll say it’s c) their age.

* appear : 1.…인 것 같다 (=seem) 2.나타나다, 보이기 시작하다 3.생기다, 발생하다

Sam

We’ll find out if that’s the correct answer later.

The person behind the online dating research I mentioned was Dr Nicola Fox Hamilton.

She describes herself as cyber-psychologist and has interviewed both men and women about what they hide from potential online dating partners.

Listen as she tells BBC Radio 4’s, Word of Mouth, what she discovered from her interviews:

Dr Nicola Fox Hamilton

If you’re very deceptive, so if you have no friends, and you never go to the pub, and you said in your profile that your most fun thing to do is hanging out with your friends on a Saturday night, then that becomes a problem because then you’ve been very deceptive.

If you occasionally do it and you made it sound a bit more like you do it all the time, that’s more exaggeration – a lot of people do that, where they exaggerate things about themselves to make them seem more attractive.

But they’re walking a fine line in trying to balance between being attractive and not completely disappointing.

Roy

People often exaggerate things about themselves to seem more attractive online, for example that they love hanging out, or spending time with friends.

Nicola also says there’s a difference between exaggerating and being deceptive - deliberately lying and making someone believe things that are not true.

Sam

Nicola says deceptive daters are walking a fine (or thin) line – they’re finding a balance between two opposing attitudes or ideas.

Roy

Online dating has also created new vocabulary of its own.

Here’s Nicola Fox Hamilton again explaining the meaning of two new words, catfishing and wokefishing, to BBC Radio 4’s, Word of Mouth. 

Dr Nicola Fox Hamilton

Wokefishing is a version of catfishing, and catfishing is where someone creates a profile that isn’t them at all, so a complex false identify usually with the purpose of looking for, or pretending to get into involved in, love or romance. 

Wokefishing is when the person is generally who they say they are, but they say that they’re much more liberal in their values and political attitudes than they actually are.

Roy

Catfishing is when someone tries to be more attractive by creating a false profile and pretending to be someone else on social media.

Related to this is the term, wokefishing.

Here someone asks about your political and social opinions, and pretends to share them in order to get closer to you. They may pretend to have more liberal or progressive attitudes than they really do.

Sam

Looking for love is never easy.

The internet has helped thousands find romance and created some interesting new vocabulary, but there are dangers and disappointments too

Roy

Speaking of which, it’s time to reveal the answer to your question, Sam.

You asked what men tend to lie about in their dating profiles.

I guessed it was their age.

Sam

You were… wrong. According to research by Dr Fox Hamilton, men tend to lie about their height – and women, about their weight. OK, let’s recap the new vocabulary we’ve learnt in this programme about the language of online romance starting with dating profile – a brief written description of yourself which you hope will attract a partner. 

Roy

Being deceptive means lying so people believe something that is not true.

Sam

Hanging out is an informal way to say spending time with someone, usually friends.

Roy

The phrase, walking a fine line means finding a balance between two opposing ideas or attitudes, or between two opposing sides so as not to annoy either side.

Sam

And finally, we learnt two newly invented expressions. Catfishing means trying to appear more attractive by pretending to be someone else on social media.

Roy

And wokefishing is when someone pretends to share the same opinions as the person they are attracted to. Once again, our six minutes are up. Good luck if you are looking for love online, and remember - there’s probably someone out there interested in the real you. Bye for now!

Neil

Steve Jobs is best known as the co-founder of Apple Inc. and was a leader of the technological revolution in personal home computing. At the time of his death in 2011, he had a net worth of $7 billion.

Steven Paul Jobs was born in 1955 and was raised in what would become known as California's Silicon Valley. The area would later become a hub of technological innovation, in part thanks to Jobs' contributions.

In 1976, when Jobs was just 21 years old, he and his friend Steve Wozniak started what was then called Apple Computer in Jobs' family's garage. Wozniak's idea was to create small personal computers that could be used by anybody, while Jobs would handle the marketing.

The two sold the Apple I — a circuit board built by Wozniak that was designed to be sold to computer hobbyists. In 1977 they created the Apple II, which, with its keyboard and plastic case, was a precursor to the personal computers that we still use today.

The Apple II was a hit. By the time the company stopped selling them in 1993, about 5 million had been sold. In 1981 the company went public with a valuation of $1.8 billion and in 1983 it was added to the Fortune 500 list faster than any other company had at the time.

In 1985 Jobs was fired from the company he had helped create. He then started NeXT Inc., and bought controlling shares in the animation company Pixar. In 1996 a struggling Apple bought NeXT Inc. for $400 million, bringing Jobs back to the company.

Over the next few years Jobs saved Apple from collapsing with products such as the iMac, iTunes, the iPod, and perhaps most famously the iPhone, which changed the way people used cell phones and brought touch screen technology into the hands of the general public.

Jobs passed away at the age of 56 due to cancer. He left behind a company now worth over $2.7 trillion, and a legacy of innovation in technology, marketing and business.

What did you know about Steve Jobs before reading this article?

• Actually, I already knew what this article covered as I had read his autobiography.
• Such as the fact that he got fired from Apple in the middle and he moved to Pixar at that time.

Do you find it surprising that Jobs started Apple when he was just 21?

• Of course. I think he was an extraordinary man
• When I look back on when I was 21,,, I was doing military service.
• I think I just wondered about tomorrow’s TV program back then. I was immature

Do you own any Apple products? If so, are you happy with them?

• Yes. I have Mac book, ipad, Apple Pencil, and iPhone.
• I’m very satisfied with using those items
• I like its sophisticated UX / UI

Do you expect Apple's value to continue to rise in years to come?

• Sure. I am actually investing in Apple.
• I believe Apple will grow further 
• It is likely to strengthen its the ecosystem
• In my case, for example, I was just iPhone user.. but I got into its ecosystem as time goes by 
• And futhermore, as far as I know, Apple is preparing for Apple Car
• If it is released, apple is likely to “quantum jump”

In your opinion, what are the world's most innovative companies?

• Netflix is most innovate company
• As it changed our way of watching TV shows or Movie
• When I was in military service, I had to take a leave of absence from the university for 2 years.

What were your professional aspirations when you were 21?

• As I said…

Have you ever thought about starting a business?

• Yes.. but it needs lots of resources money and time..
• An I have my family to support.. so I couldn’t try 

If you could take business lessons from anyone, who would you choose?

• I would go for "Jeff bezos" who was the CEO of Amazone
• Because i fully agreed with his mind about way of earning in platform business
• First, get customer, make earning lately.

Neil

Sam, does this situation sound familiar? It’s a colleague’s birthday next week. A male boss says to a female employee – “You’re great at organising things – would you buy a card and get everyone in the office to sign it? Oh, and we’ll need to order a cake too – thanks, you’re amazing!”

Sam

Yes, I have seen that. A male boss asks a woman to do all the jobs that keep the office running but do nothing to advance her career or improve her chances of promotion – that’s when someone moves up into a higher, better paid position in a company.

Neil

Sadly, this happens a lot. In many workplaces around the world, it’s the men who are considered ‘born leaders’ and promoted up the corporate career ladder, while the women are given less important roles. Even today, many working women find themselves at a point in their career beyond which they cannot progress, an invisible barrier to succeed referred to as the glass ceiling.

Sam

But in this programme, we’ll be meeting the members of The No Club, a group of women saying ‘no’ to the glass ceiling by publicly questioning the kinds of jobs men and women are asked to do in the workplace. And, of course, we’ll be learning some useful new vocabulary as well.

Neil

But first, I have a question for you, Sam. Despite the glass ceiling, women do make it to the top jobs in many areas of work and business, even in the male-dominated world of politics. So, who was the first woman to become British Prime Minister?

Was it: a) Theresa May? b) Nicola Sturgeon? or c) Margaret Thatcher?

Sam

I know the answer to this one, Neil. It’s c) Margaret Thatcher.

Neil

OK. Well, we’ll find out later if you’re right. Professor Lise Vesterlund is one of the four academics who co-wrote The No Club, a book discussing how females disproportionately take on the unimportant, less visible tasks at work.

Sam

Professor Vesterlund calls these non-promotable tasks, jobs like taking notes, organising social events or chairing meetings – jobs that take time and effort but do little to increase company profits or to boost your career. Research shows that most of these tasks are done by women. Here’s Lise Vesterlund explaining more to BBC World Service programme, Business Daily

Prof Lise Vesterlund

We’ve been noticing gender differences in wages, in advancement, in negotiation. Burn-out for women is much greater than it is for men. Their dissatisfaction with their work is much greater. And we’ve been trying to sort of address all these objectives with lots of different methods and techniques, and what is interesting about the non-promotable work is that it, in a very structural sense, contributes to all of those differences.

Neil

Professor Vesterlund lists some workplace gender imbalances, including job dissatisfaction and burn-out – that’s tiredness and exhaustion caused by working too hard. Many of these issues are made worse by non-promotable tasks.

Sam

Natalie Quail agrees. Natalie started her successful dental cosmetics company, SmileTime, after winning a business competition on the TV show, Dragon’s Den. Here she tells BBC World Service’s Business Daily about her experience of being asked to take on non-promotable tasks in her work as a trainee solicitor.

Natalie Quail

As a trainee solicitor pretty much every task that you take on is a nonpromotable task. Note-taking is one of them, in meetings, when you, kind of, are told that you can’t really speak or say anything. I was tasked with being the team party organiser, so that was my role. It does definitely occur that the women in the team, the level of multitasking they’re doing just … far outstrips the men in a lot of cases, for example, you know, a lot of women in the team would also be juggling having kids at home, being a working mum.

Neil

Natalie found herself doing non-promotable tasks. She thinks many women in the workplace are expected to be good at multitasking - doing more than one thing at the same time.

Sam

For working mums, who are raising a family as well as developing careers at work, this involves some juggling - trying to manage your life when you are involved in many different activities which all demand your time.

Neil

In the forty years since the term ‘glass ceiling’ was invented, it seems not much has changed for working women. But there is some good news. The number of female managers and women working in jobs traditionally seen as male has increased dramatically, and those companies where getting promotion is based on ability not gender, have benefitted from talented, hard-working female leaders.

Sam

And speaking of female leaders, Neil, what was the answer to your question? You asked me who was the first female British Prime Minister, and I said Margaret Thatcher. Was I right?

Neil

You were right! Mrs Thatcher, nicknamed The Iron Lady, became Prime Minister in May 1979, the first woman to break the political glass ceiling in the UK - an invisible barrier to advancing in your career.

Sam

OK, let’s recap the other vocabulary we’ve learnt, starting with promotion - moving up into a higher, more important position in your company.

Neil

The term non-promotable tasks describes those unimportant jobs which help your organisation but do nothing to advance your career. They are often given to women.

Sam

If you have burn-out, you’re exhausted from working too hard.

Neil

Multitasking is the ability to do several things at the same time.

Sam

And finally, juggling involves managing many different activities which all demand your time. We’ve managed our time pretty well so far but now our six minutes are up! Bye for now!

Neil

Sam 이 상황 익숙해요? 다음주 한 동료의 생일입니다. 남자 상사가 여자 직원에게 말합니다 "뭔가 준비하는 거 잘하니까, 카드 사서 사무실에 모든 사람에게 서명받아 줄래요? 오. 그리고 케익 주문도 부탁해요. 고마워요  

Sam, does this situation sound familiar? It’s a colleague’s birthday next week. A male boss says to a female employee – “You’re great at organising things – would you buy a card and get everyone in the office to sign it? Oh, and we’ll need to order a cake too – thanks, you’re amazing!”

Sam

네 본적 있어요. 남자 상사가 여성에게 사무실 운영 관련 모든 일을 시키면서도, 그 여성의 커리어 진작이나 승진 기회를 늘려주는 것은 안하는 것이요. - 회사 내에 누군가는 더 높고, 좋은 보수를 받은 직책으로 올라갈때 말이죠.  

Yes, I have seen that. A male boss asks a woman to do all the jobs that keep the office running but do nothing to advance her career or improve her chances of promotion – that’s when someone moves up into a higher, better paid position in a company.

Neil

슬프게도, 이런일이 많이 일어나죠. 전세계의 많은 직장 환경에서, 남자들은 'Born leaders'로 여겨지며, 기업의 승진 계급을 올려주는 반면, 여성은 덜 중요한 직책이 주어지죠. 심지어 오늘날에, 많은 여성 직장인들이 그들이 더이상 나아갈수 없는 경력의 지점에 있다는것을 발견하는데, 이것은 '유리 천장'이라 불리는 보이지 않는 장벽입니다.

Sadly, this happens a lot. In many workplaces around the world, it’s the men who are considered ‘born leaders’ and promoted up the corporate career ladder, while the women are given less important roles. Even today, many working women find themselves at a point in their career beyond which they cannot progress, an invisible barrier to succeed referred to as the glass ceiling.

Sam

그러나 이 프로그램에서는, 남성과 여성이 직장에서 어떤일을 해야하는지 공식적으로 질문함으로써 유리 천장에 대해 'no' 라고 얘기하는 여성 그룹인 No club의 멤버를 만나볼 것입니다. 그리고 물론 유용한 새로운 단어들도 배워볼 것입니다.

But in this programme, we’ll be meeting the members of The No Club, a group of women saying ‘no’ to the glass ceiling by publicly questioning the kinds of jobs men and women are asked to do in the workplace. And, of course, we’ll be learning some useful new vocabulary as well.

Neil

하지만 먼저, 질문이 있어요 Sam. 유리 천장에도 불구하고, 여성들은 많은 일과 사업 분야에서 top 직책을 이뤄냈어요. 심지어 남성 위주 세계인 정치계에서도요. 그래서, 처음으로 영국의 수상이 된 여성은 누구일까요?

But first, I have a question for you, Sam. Despite the glass ceiling, women do make it to the top jobs in many areas of work and business, even in the male-dominated world of politics. So, who was the first woman to become British Prime Minister?

Was it: a) Theresa May? b) Nicola Sturgeon? or c) Margaret Thatcher?

Sam

I know the answer to this one, Neil. It’s c) Margaret Thatcher.

Neil

좋아요 그럼. 맞는지는 나중에 알아보도록 하죠. Lise Vesterlund 교수님은 어떻게 여성이 부당하게 중요하지 않고 덜 보이는 업무를 맡고 있는지를 다룬 책 "The No Club"의 공동저자인 네명의 학자들 중 한분입니다.

OK. Well, we’ll find out later if you’re right. Professor Lise Vesterlund is one of the four academics who co-wrote The No Club, a book discussing how females disproportionately take on the unimportant, less visible tasks at work.

Vesterlund 교수님은 이러한 승진과 무관한 일, 즉, 노트하기, 이벤트 준비하기, 의장 회의같은 업무들- 시간과 노력을 필요로 하지만 회사 이익이나 커리어 개발에는 거의 도움이 되지 않는 업무라고 부릅니다. 연구는 이러한 일들중 대부분은 여성이 하고 있습니다. 여기 Vesterlund 교수님께서 BBC World Service program, Business Daily 에서 더 설명합니다.

Sam

Professor Vesterlund calls these non-promotable tasks, jobs like taking notes, organising social events or chairing meetings – jobs that take time and effort but do little to increase company profits or to boost your career. Research shows that most of these tasks are done by women. Here’s Lise Vesterlund explaining more to BBC World Service programme, Business Daily

Prof Lise Vesterlund

임금, 승진, 협의 등에서 성 차별을 알아채고 있습니다. 여성들의 Burn-out은 남성보다 훨씬 더 큽니다. 그들이 그들의 직업에 대한 불만족이 더 큽니다. 그리고 우리는 이 모든 목표들을 다양한 방법과 기술로 해결하려고 노력해왔습니다. 그리고 non-promotable 업무와 관련해서 흥미로운 것은 (구조적인 의미에서) 그것이 그런 모든 차이에 기여하고 있다는 점 입니다.

We’ve been noticing gender differences in wages, in advancement, in negotiation. Burn-out for women is much greater than it is for men. Their dissatisfaction with their work is much greater. And we’ve been trying to sort of address all these objectives with lots of different methods and techniques, and what is interesting about the non-promotable work is that it, in a very structural sense, contributes to all of those differences.

Neil

Vesterlund 교수는 업무 불만족과 burn-out을 포함하여 일부 직장 성 불균형을 리스트합니다. 그것은 너무 일을 열심히 함으로인해 피로함과 지침으로 인한 것입니다.  많은 이런 이슈들이 non-promotable task로 인해 더 악화됩니다.

Professor Vesterlund lists some workplace gender imbalances, including job dissatisfaction and burn-out – that’s tiredness and exhaustion caused by working too hard. Many of these issues are made worse by non-promotable tasks.

Sam

Natalie Quail agrees. Natalie started her successful dental cosmetics company, SmileTime, after winning a business competition on the TV show, Dragon’s Den. Here she tells BBC World Service’s Business Daily about her experience of being asked to take on non-promotable tasks in her work as a trainee solicitor.

Natalie Quail

As a trainee solicitor pretty much every task that you take on is a nonpromotable task. Note-taking is one of them, in meetings, when you, kind of, are told that you can’t really speak or say anything. I was tasked with being the team party organiser, so that was my role. It does definitely occur that the women in the team, the level of multitasking they’re doing just … far outstrips the men in a lot of cases, for example, you know, a lot of women in the team would also be juggling having kids at home, being a working mum.

Neil

Natalie found herself doing non-promotable tasks. She thinks many women in the workplace are expected to be good at multitasking - doing more than one thing at the same time.

Sam

For working mums, who are raising a family as well as developing careers at work, this involves some juggling - trying to manage your life when you are involved in many different activities which all demand your time.

Neil

In the forty years since the term ‘glass ceiling’ was invented, it seems not much has changed for working women. But there is some good news. The number of female managers and women working in jobs traditionally seen as male has increased dramatically, and those companies where getting promotion is based on ability not gender, have benefitted from talented, hard-working female leaders.

Sam

And speaking of female leaders, Neil, what was the answer to your question? You asked me who was the first female British Prime Minister, and I said Margaret Thatcher. Was I right?

Neil

You were right! Mrs Thatcher, nicknamed The Iron Lady, became Prime Minister in May 1979, the first woman to break the political glass ceiling in the UK - an invisible barrier to advancing in your career.

Sam

OK, let’s recap the other vocabulary we’ve learnt, starting with promotion - moving up into a higher, more important position in your company.

Neil

The term non-promotable tasks describes those unimportant jobs which help your organisation but do nothing to advance your career. They are often given to women.

Sam

If you have burn-out, you’re exhausted from working too hard.

Neil

Multitasking is the ability to do several things at the same time.

Sam

And finally, juggling involves managing many different activities which all demand your time. We’ve managed our time pretty well so far but now our six minutes are up! Bye for now!

Neil

But before that I have a question for you, Sam. We’ve been talking about the early days of the internet, but do you know the name of the first ever internet browser, the engine for searching websites? Was it:

Sam

VOCABULARY