Expressions

[1] I only managed to finish three or four plates…well, maybe five!

(해석) 세개나 네개 음.. 아마 다섯개까지는 끝냈(먹었) 던 것 같아

※ managed to: 어떤 일에 대해서 노력을 해서 뭔가 해내는 느낌

(e.g)

Do you think you could manage somehow to slip it in ? (어떻게 해서든 그것을 할 시간을 낼 순 없나요?)

I could manage to make it (나는 그것을 해낼 수 있었어요)

I could manage to be there on time 

I didn't want to do that but Jake managed to pursuade me to go

We barely managed to finish it (우리는 그것을 가까스로 끝냈어요)

[2] usually too much is cooked, and buffets have been criticised for waste.

(해석) 보통 너무 많이 요리되고, buffet는 낭비하는 것으로 비판당해왔다

※ All 은 전부를 묶는 느낌-- 복수, Every 는 전체 중 개별을 지칭하는 느낌-- 단수취급

All + (셀 수 있는 명사 - 복수명사) or (셀 수 없는 명사 - 단수명사)

 - All my plants have died

 - All human beings are fallible

 - All the furniture is crafted from natural materials  (셀수 없는 명사)

Every + 단수명사

 - Every move was painful

 - Every job has its difficulties and frustrations

※ 셀 수 없는 것은 단수 취급

many + 복수명사 (셀수 있는 명사)

- Many diets methods fail because they are boring

- Many insects species are banded black and yellow

much + 단수명사 (셀수 없는 명사)

- I don't have much money with me

- Much of the region is lowland

※ 셀 수 없는 것은 단수 취급

a few + 복수명사 (셀 수 있는 명사)

- It only took a few seconds

 - I need a few things from the store

a little + 단수 명사 (셀 수 없는 명사)

 - she gave a little laugh

 - Combine the eggs with a little flour

※ 셀 수 없는 것은 단수 취급

few + 복수 명사(셀 수 있는 명사)

- There are few empry seats

- Very few people know that

little + 단수 명사  (셀 수 없는 명사)

- There was very little room to move

- I understood little of what he said

'

※ criticise for : ~ 에 대해 비난하다

[3] The word ‘buffet’ originated from the French name for the table on which food was served, but buffets themselves don’t come from France. So in which country did buffets begin?

(해석) buffet 라는 단어는 프랑스 이름인 음식이 놓인 테이블에서 유래됐다. 그러나 buffet 그 자체는 프랑스에서 온 것이 아니다. 

어떤 나라에서 buffet 가 시작됐나요?

※ originated from

※ begin in

[4] John shares his observations on human buffet behaviour with BBC

(해석) John 이 BBC에 buffet 에서의 사람 행동에 대해 관찰한 내용을 공유한다 

※ share with + so / share + sth + with + so

(e.g)

share a table with another at a restaurant

Excuse me, but would you mind sharing your table (with me)?

I share a room with my older sister

※ observation on / about

But I think that's a pretty astute observation on his part (그런데 나는 그것이 그의 입장에서 꽤 영리한 관찰이라 생각한다)

[5] There are different people that treat buffets in different ways. 

(해석) buffet를 다른 방식으로 대하는 사람들이 있다

[6] Some people think this is a great opportunity to try little bits and lots of everything, and we come back as many times as I like. 

(해석)  몇몇 사람들은 이것이 모든 것을 조금씩 맛볼(try) 수 있는 아주 좋은 기회라고 생각한다. 그리고 우리는 원하는 만큼 돌아 올 수 있다

(e.g)

Some of us try a little bit of everything, some of us have a big helping of one or two things

(우리중 몇몇은 모든것을 조금씩 시도하고, 몇몇은 한두개를 크게 돕는다)

The best thing you can do is to try a little bit of everything, and you'll eventually find something you like.

(네가 할 수 있는 것중 가장 좋은 것은 조금씩 다 해보는 것이다, 그리고 너는 결국 네가 좋아하는 것을 찾게 될 것이다)

[7] And other people just - whether they don't like getting up and down, which is understandable from their table - just want to pile it high, and people they want to getvalue for money.

(해석) 그리고 다른 사람들은 단지 앉았다 일어나는 것을 싫어합니다. 그들의 테이블에선 그게 당연한거죠. 단지 포개서 쌓고 싶어하고, 가성비를 찾고자 하죠.

[8] if you're paying $100, $200 a head for a buffet, you're gonna pile it up high and take the most expensive things you can you know, and get your money's worth.

(해석) buffet 에서 일인당 100, 200달러를 지불한다면, 당신은 높이 쌓고 당신이 알 수 있는 가장 비싼 것을 가져올 것이다. 그렇게 가성비를 갖는다

[9] If you pile something up, you gather a large amount of it into one place to build what’s called a pile.

(해석) 당신이 뭔가를 쌓는다면, 당신은 많은 양을 한 장소로 모을 것이다 이른바 pile이라고 불리는 것을 만든다

[10] The richer the people getting married, the bigger the buffet, sometimes inviting as many as five thousand guests. If each guest eats around six dishes, we’re taking about a seriously big buffet!

(해석) 사람들이 호화롭게 결혼할 수록, buffet는 더 커진다. 때때로 5천명의 게스트를 초대하기도 한다. 각 게스트들이 약 6접시씩 먹으면, 엄청 큰 buffet 를 하게되는 것이다

※ the 비교급 S + V, the 비교급 (S + V) : ~ 할수록 더 ~ 하다

접속사 as 로 표현 가능 (the 사라지고, 비교급은 제자리로 감)

The more you work, the more you earn  = As you work more, you earn more

주의사항

1. 형용사 부사 올바른 비교급 형태쓰기

The more rich(->richer) he gets, the more he wants 

The expensiver(-> more expensive) the smartphones is, the more features it has

2. more(less) 부사(형용사) 형태는 항상 함께 움직임

As he got more stressed, he ate more

-> The more he got stressed, the more he ate (X)

-> The more stressed he got, the more he ate (O) 

3. 형용사적으로 쓰인 more가 명사를 수식할 때는 함께 움직임

As we read more book, we learn more.

-> The more we read book, the more we learn (X)

-> The more books we read, the more we learn (O)

4. 어순: the 비교급 S + V, the 비교급 (S + V) 

The higher climbed we, the thinner the air was (X)

The higher we climbed, the thinner the air was (O)

※ take 동사 6가지 의미

1. 잡다 취하다, 차지하다 (획득)

- I have already taken some action (이미 조치 취했다)

- I took the prize in the audition (오디션에서 상 탔다)

- Can you take my hand now ? (지금 내 손좀 잡아줄래?)

2. (사물) 갖고가다 , (사람) 데리고 가다

- I'll take you by car a little later (좀 이따가 차로 바래다 줄게)

- Be sure to take an umbrella with you (우산 꼭 챙겨가)

3. 받다, 받아들이다

- We take it for granted now (우리는 이제 그걸 당연하게 받아 들인다)   *for granted : 주어진 것으로

- Do you take credit cards here? (여기 신용카드 받나요?)

4. (시간) 걸리다

- It takes an hour to get to work

- How long does it take from here ?

5. (약 등) 복용하다 (약 복용에 eat이나 have 사용하지 않음)

- Taking medicines isn't always good

- Why don't you take some painkillers? 

6. (교통수단) 타다 , 타고가다

- I would rather take the bus (버스타는게 낫겠어)

- I'm going to just take a subway  (그냥 지하철 타고 가려고)

[11] They are out to impress - they want to ‘wow’ the guests - knock their socks off.

(해석) 그들은 인상을 심어주기 위해 한다. 즉, 게스트를 놀래키길 원한다 - 깜짝 놀라게한다(크게 감동시킨다)

[12] They should just go back saying,  ‘I couldn't eat even half of it!’, you know. 

(해석) 그들은 다시 돌아가서 말해야 한다. 절반밖에 못먹었어.

[13] The problem is that no matter how extravagant and expensive one buffet is, the next one has to be even more impressive, something Sandeep calls a vicious circle – a difficult situation which has the effect of creating new problems which then make the original situation even worse.

(해석) 문제는 한(one) buffet 가 아무리 사치스럽고 비쌀지라도, 다음 것(one)은 더 인상적이어야 한다. sandeep이 vicious circle 이라고 부르는 것이다. - 원래 상황을 더 안좋게 만드는 새로운 문제를 만들어 내는 효과가 있는 어려운 상황.

1. No matter how + 형용사 + S + V  : 아무리 (형용사) 해도, (형용사) 일지라도

2. one ~ , next one : sequential 한 관계에서의 비교를 하기 위해서 사용

3. something 이 관계사 which(that) 처럼 쓰임

4. has the effect of ~ ing : ~ 하는 효과가 있는 

[14] It seems the secret to enjoying a buffet is trying a little bit of everything, without stuffing yourself until you can’t move – although in the past, I think, that was exactly the idea.

(해석) buffet 를 즐기는 비밀은 전부를 조금씩 시도해보는 것 같다. 움직일 수 없을 때까지 (자신의) 속을 꽉 채우지 않고 - 비록 과거에 그랬었더라도, 내 생각엔 그게 정확한 아이디어인거 같다.

1. secret to ~ ing : ~하는 비밀

2. try a little bit of everything : 조금씩 전부 시도해보다

3. stuff : 속을 꽉 채우다

4. although in the past: 비록 과거엔 그랬더라도(?)

[15] In fact buffets are thought to have come from Sweden in the Middle Ages.

(해석) 사실 buffet 는 중세 스웨덴에서 유래됐다고 생각되고 있다.

1. 현재 생각되고 있으므로, think 수동태 + 현재시제로 표현

2. have come from : 의미상 '유래' 는 과거부터 쭉 이어져온 것이므로 현재완료로 표현

    즉, A are thought to come from B 일 경우, A는 B로부터 온다고 생각된다로 해석됨

Vocabulary

eyes bigger than your belly
(idiom) used when someone has taken more food than they can eat

pile up
gather a large quantity of something into a one place to form a pile

*pile: (포개 쌓아 놓은) 더미

get your money's worth
get good value for the money you have spent

vicious circle
problem or difficult situation which has the effect of creating new problems which then make the original situation even worse

knock your socks off
(idiom) amaze and impress someone

caterer
person or company which provides food and drink for special social occasions

TRANSCRIPT

Neil
Hello. This is 6 Minute English from BBC Learning English. I’m Neil.

Sam
And I’m Sam. 

Neil
Have you ever been to an all-you-can-eat buffet, Sam? You know – a meal in a restaurant where you can eat as much food as you like.

Sam
Yes, I went to an Indian buffet once. I didn’t eat all day before the meal, but [1] I only managed to finish three or four plates…well, maybe five!

Neil
It sounds like your eyes were bigger than your belly, or stomach –  a phrase describing someone who has taken more food than they can eat. In this programme we’ll be discussing buffets – a feast of many different food dishes where diners are allowed to eat as much as they want – or as much as their stomachs will allow. And, of course, we’ll be learning some new vocabulary as well.

Sam
The popularity of buffets is booming, especially in Middle Eastern and Asian countries where the variety of foods means there’s something for everyone. But feasts are big and boastful - [2] usually too much is cooked, and buffets have been criticised for waste.

Neil
We’ll hear more soon, but first I have a question for you, Sam. [3] The word ‘buffet’ originated from the French name for the table on which food was served, but buffets themselves don’t come from France. So in which country did buffets begin?

a)     The United States of America

b)    Sweden

c)     China

Sam
Well, the US is famous for supersizing food so I’ll guess a) America.

Neil
OK, Sam. We’ll find out the answer later in the programme. John Wood, owner of cooking company Kitchen Cut, knows a lot about buffets – he used to run a one thousand seat breakfast buffet at the five-star Jumeirah Beach Hotel in Dubai. Here [4] John shares his observations on human buffet behaviour with BBC World Service programme, The Food Chain.

John Wood
[5] There are different people that treat buffets in different ways. [6] Some people think this is a great opportunity to try little bits and lots of everything, and we come back as many times as I like.  [7] And other people just - whether they don't like getting up and down, which is understandable from their table - just want to pile it high, and people they want to getvalue for money. So, [8] if you're paying $100, $200 a head for a buffet, you're gonna pile it up high and take the most expensive things you can you know, and get your money's worth.

Sam
John says buffet diners want to get their money’s worth – get good value for the money they spend, so they often pile up food on their plate. [9] If you pile something up, you gather a large amount of it into one place to build what’s called a pile.

Neil
But buffets are not just about eating until you explode - they’re also an opportunity to show off to your friends. Weddings are big in India, and usually include a buffet. [10] The richer the people getting married, the bigger the buffet, sometimes inviting as many as five thousand guests. If each guest eats around six dishes, we’re taking about a seriously big buffet!

Sam
Sandeep Sreedharan is a wedding caterer from Goa in South India – he owns a company which provides the food and drink for special social occasions. Here he talks with Ruth Alexander, presenter of BBC World Service, The Food Programme, about organising an Indian wedding buffet:

Sandeep Sreedharan
It's a very vicious circle, I think, right? Everybody wants to overwhelm everybody around you.

Ruth Alexander
OK. That's the aim. [11] They are out to impress - they want to ‘wow’ the guests - knock their socks off.

Sandeep Sreedharan
Knock their socks off. [12] They should just go back saying,  ‘I couldn't eat even half of it!’, you know. Some people just come for eating. They don't even worry about who's wedding is it… They know that… ‘Who's the caterer? Ah, these guys are catering. Oh my God, this is gonna be great.

Sam
Wedding buffets are designed to amaze and overwhelm the guests with their huge displays of food. They need to ‘wow’ the guests, or knock their socks off – an idiom meaning to amaze and impress someone.

Neil
[13] The problem is that no matter how extravagant and expensive one buffet is, the next one has to be even more impressive, something Sandeep calls a vicious circle – a difficult situation which has the effect of creating new problems which then make the original situation even worse.

Sam
[14] It seems the secret to enjoying a buffet is trying a little bit of everything, without stuffing yourself until you can’t move – although in the past, I think, that was exactly the idea.

Neil
OK, it’s time to reveal the answer to my question - where did the buffets originally come from?

Sam
I guessed it was from the United States. Was I right?

Neil
That was… the wrong answer, I’m afraid, Sam. In fact buffets are thought to have come from Sweden in the Middle Ages.

Sam
OK, let’s recap the vocabulary we’ve learned, starting with the expression, eyes bigger than your belly, or eyes bigger than your stomach,used when someone has taken more food than they can eat.

Neil
If you pile up your plate,you gather a large quantity of food together into a pile.

Sam
The phrase to get your money’s worth means to get good value for the money you have spent .

Neil
A vicious circle is a problematic situation, having the effect of creating new problems which then make the first situation even worse.

Sam
The idiom to knock your socks off means to wow, amaze or impress someone.

Neil
And finally, a caterer is a person or company which provides food and drink for special social occasions. Once again, our six minutes are up. Bye for now!

Vocabulary

earworm
(informal) a song that you keep hearing in your head, to the point of irritation

irritation: 자극, 흥분

to the point of irritation : 성가실 정도로 , 짜증날 정도로

catchy

기억하기 쉬운

tune

곡, 곡조, 선율

nostalgic streak
affectionate and slightly sad feeling you have for a happy time in the past

affectionate: 다정한, 애정어린

tastemaker
person who influences what is currently popular or fashionable

(go on a) bender
keep drinking a lot of alcohol for an extended period of time

extended period of time : 장기간

lengthy period of time : 오랫 동안

brief period of time : 단기로

same period of time : 같은 시기에

indefinite period of time : 무기한

think up (thought up)

생각해내다 , 고안하다

chord structure
sequence of musical chords

chord : 화음

give and take
compromise in which you are willing to accept suggestions from another person and give up some ideas of your own

EXPRESSIONS

(과거부터) 계속 (어떤 상태)인 것을 말할 때 --- "have pp"

[1] I've had this song stuck in my head all day!

(해석) 이 노래가 하루종일 제 머릿속에 계속 멤돌아요(박혀 있어요)

*stuck in my head: 뇌리에 박히다

*had 가 사역동사로 사용됨 ( have + 목적어 +  pp) : (목적어) 가 (pp) 되게 했다

언제부터 언제까지 매주 --- "from ~ until" 

[2] Every week from 1964 until it ended in 2006

(해석) 1964년부터 2006년 그 것(방송)이 끝날 때까지 매주

과거부터 현재까지 모든 데이터를 포함하여 질문할 때 --- "have pp"

[3] who's had the most number one hit songs in the UK over the years?

(해석) 그 수년 동안 영국에서 누가 가장 많은 1위 히트곡을 갖고 있나요?

*over the years : 수년간, 수년에 걸쳐

3,4,5 형식 동사로 모두 사용 가능한 -- "ask" 

[4] Michael Rosen, asked Adam what music he was listening to at the moment.

(해석) 마이클이 아담에게 그 순간(때)에 무엇을 듣고 있었는지 물었다

※ ask

<3형식 동사>

뜻: 묻다/ 요구하다, 목적어로 형용사류 + 명사, to 부정사구, 의문사절 / whether(if)절 만 가능

He asked to have his books delivered to his house

He asked when the next train to Busan would leave

<4형식 동사>

뜻: 묻다/ ~해달라고 요구하다, 직접 목적어로 형용사류 + 명사, that/의문사/whether(if) 절 만 가능

A porter asked me if i was looking for somthing

A boy with red hair asked me why i didn't talk with anyone

You must ask yourself the most important question

<5형식 동사>

뜻: 요청하다, 목적어 보어에 to 부정사구나 pp

His father asked his son to tell what he had done during the day

과거에 자주했던 행동을 표현(추억) 할때 -- "would"

**[5] Often Keith Richards would go on one of his historic benders and wake up with a recording device next to him in the morning where he had put the melody down for a song, and had the chord structure and everything in place.

(해석) Keith 는 종종 그의 기억에 남을만한 술자리들 중 하나에 대해 말했는데, 아침에 그의 바로 옆에 놓인 녹음기로 일어는데, 거기엔 그가 노래에 대한 멜로디를 기록해뒀고, 코드 구조같은 것들이 저장되어 있었다.

[6] he might take that to Mick, and Mick would listen through and he would write lyrics

(해석) 그는 그것을 mick에게 가져갔을 것이고, mick 은 들어보고 가사를 쓰곤 했다

※ would

다른 의미와 혼동을 피하기 위해 과거를 나타내는 (또는 반복적 행위를 암시하는) 표현과 함께 사용하고, 과거에 반복적으로 했던 행동이므로 동작 동사만 가능.

(e.g)

Every summer we would go camping  (과거 표현 every summer, 동작 동사 go)

My mother and I would always argue about the smallest things ( 반복적 행위 암시 : always, 동작 동사 argue )

※ 그 밖의 would 의 쓰임

1) will 의 과거: 특히 주절의 시제가 과거일 때, 종속절 시제를 맞추기 위해 will의 과거형인 would를 사용
I thought it would rain

He said that he would not resign

Yesterday morning, the car wouldn't start

2) 소망: will 이 주어의 의지를 나타낸다면, would 는 그보다는 부드러운 소망, 바램, 의향 등을 나타냄

I wish you would stay

I would like to live here for the rest of my life

He who would do something great must do his best

3) 추측, 가능성 : 확실하지 않은 일에 대해 말할 때 

She would be tired the next day

That would be Lucy calling. I'll answer it

※ 과거습관 would 와 used 의 차이

would : "과거에 반복적으로 "~ 하곤 했었다

would 는 과거 반복적인 행동을 추억할 때 쓰일 수 있지만 두가지 제약사항이 있음
1) 과거라는 것을 알 수 있는 표현을 함께 언급 필요 - 그렇지 않으면 바램, 추측 등으로 해석될 수 있음
2) 상태동사는 사용할 수 없음 - 반복적인 행동에 쓰이기 때문

(e.g)

I would live in Busan, but i moved to Seoul 3 years ago (X)

I used to live in Busan, but i moved to Seoul 3 yeas ago (O)

--> would 가 과거행동을 추억할 때 쓰이는 경우는, 특히 반복적인 행동을 의미함(live 는 ~살다 라는 의미로 반복적 동작이 아님)

used to :

자체적으로 과거의 의미를 담고 있고, 과거 동작 뿐 아니라 상태도 나타낼 수 있음

헷갈린다면 used to를 쓰는 것을 권장

(e.g)

Every saturday I used to go swimming

There used to be a factory (공장이 있었다(지금은 없음))

We used to go to the movies on Saturday  

I used to be a vegan (채식주의자 였다 (지금은 아님))

[7] he would impose his melodies as a singer on Keith's chord structure. So there would be this give and take, this tension.

(해석) 그는 가수로써의 그의 멜로디를 Keith의 코드 구조에 입히곤 했다. 그래서 거기엔 이러한 분위기의 "give and take" 가 있었던 것 같다 

[8] Mick and Keith's legendary friendship has certainly been up and down over the years, and there's no doubt they've written some of the best rock songs ever. 

(해석) Mick 과 Keith의 우정은 확실히 수년간 등락이 있었다. 그리고 그들이 최고의 락 음악을 썼던 것은 의심할 여지가 없다

[9] have they been top when it comes to number one hits? 

(해석) 1위곡들에 있어서 그들이 top 이었나요? 

when it comes to : ~ 에 관해선 (뒤에는 ing 또는 명사형태가 와야함), about 과 유사.

[10] With twenty-one number one hits, Elvis, the King of rock'n'roll, is the most successful chart-topper, followed by The Beatles with seventeen number ones, and further down the list, The Rolling Stones with eight.

(해석) rocknroll 의 왕 Elvis 가 21번의 1위로 가장 성공한 chart-topper이고 그 뒤를 이어서 17번의 1위인 Beatles, 더 아래로 내려가면

Rolling stones 가 8번 이다.

[11] A tastemaker is a person that influences what people think is popular or fashionable at the moment.

(해석) tastemake 는 사람들이 생각하기에 그 때 어떤 것이 대중적이고 fashionable 한 것인지 영향을 끼치는 사람이다.

※ what (people think) is popular or fasionalble ~

[12] give and take between two people is a compromise in which they are willing to accept suggestions from each another, and give up some of their own ideas.

(해석) 두 사람 간 give and take 는 타협이다 그것은 그들이 기꺼이 상대방의 제안을 받아들이고 자신의 몇가지 아이디어는 포기하는 것이다.

※ in which 

Give and take between two people is a compromise

They are willing to accept suggestions from each another, and give up some of their own ideas in compromise.

※ each another

1. 일반적으로 2명일 경우 each other, 3명 이상일 경우 one another 사용하나, 현대 영어에서는 거의 같은 의미로 사용됨

   단, each other 을 더 흔히 사용함

2. 대명사로 전치사 등과 함께 사용함 (부사 아님)

3. 복수 형태로 사용하지 않음

4. us/ourselves 로 대체할 수 없음

5. 소유격 가능

(e.g)

1. They like each other

1. They all know one another 

2. We're talking to each other (O)

2. We're talking each other (X)

3. They helped each others (X)

4. We've known each other for twelve years (O)

4. We've known us/ourselves for twelve years (X) 

5. They helped to look after each other's children

5. We often stayed in one another's houses

※ time + spent

a period of time spent in heavy alcohol drinking and non-stop partying

-> a period of time (one has) spent in ~

-> one has spent a period of time in ~

TRANSCRIPT

Neil
[Singing] Du du dum dum! Da-da-da!

Sam
What's that song you're singing, Neil? Is it The Rolling Stones?

Neil
Well, [1] I've had this song stuck in my head all day! It's a real earworm - you know, a song you keep hearing over and over again in your head.

Sam
Well, The Rolling Stones, for example, are famous for their catchy songs. But writing a memorable song isn't easy. Not only do you have to write a good tune, you also need to match it to the lyrics - the words of the song.

Neil
In this programme, we'll be discussing the art of songwriting - combining lyrics and music to make a hit song. And of course, we'll be learning some new vocabulary as well.

Sam
But first I have a question for you, Neil. [2] Every week from 1964 until it ended in 2006, the BBC television programme Top of the Pop, had a countdown of the most popular songs in the British music charts, from number forty up to number one. So [3] who's had the most number one hit songs in the UK over the years?
a) The Rolling Stones
b) The Beatles
c) Elvis Presley

Neil
You're showing your age there, Sam - those musicians were famous decades ago! I'm going to go for C, the king of rock'n'roll, Elvis Presley.

Sam
OK, Neil. I'll reveal the answer later in the programme. Professor Adam Bradley is the author of The Book of Rhymes, a study into the lyrics of hip-hop music. He knows a lot about how words and music combine to make hit songs. When he spoke to BBC Radio 4 programme, Word of Mouth, the presenter, [4] Michael Rosen, asked Adam what music he was listening to at the moment.

Adam Bradley
These days I have a little bit of a nostalgic streak, so I go back to some of the earliest music that mattered to me as a young person, music that my mother played for me, things like Crosby, Stills and Nash 'Suite: Judy Blue Eyes'… things like the earliest music that I discovered as an independent tastemaker for myself, things like De La Soul and A Tribe Called Quest.

Neil
Adam says he's currently listening to the music his mother played him when he was young because he has a nostalgic streak - an affectionate feeling for a happy time in the past. His mum liked 1960s American singer-songwriters like Crosby, Stills and Nash.

Sam
Adam is also listening to hip-hop groups like De La Soul - the music he chose when he started finding his own taste in music, becoming a tastemaker for himself. A tastemaker is someone who influences what is considered fashionable or popular at the moment.

Neil
As well as hip-hop, Adam also loves rock'n'roll music, and - like me - is a big fan of The Rolling Stones whose singer, Mick Jagger, and guitar player, Keith Richards, are two of the most successful songwriters ever. Here Adam tells BBC Radio 4's, Word of Mouth, how the rock stars worked together to write some of the best known songs in rock'n'roll history:

Adam Bradley
[5] Often Keith Richards would go on one of his historic benders and wake up with a recording device next to him in the morning where he had put the melody down for a song, and had the chord structure and everything in place. And [6] he might take that to Mick, and Mick would listen through and he would write lyrics… And in Mick's mind, as he said in an interview once, [7] he would impose his melodies as a singer on Keith's chord structure. So there would be this give and take, this tension.

Sam
Keith Richards is famous for going on benders - a period of time spent in heavy alcohol drinking and non-stop partying. During these, he often thought up the chord structure for a song. A chord is three or more musical notes played together, so a chord structure is a sequence of chords played one after the other.

Neil
Later, Mick Jagger would listen to the music Keith had thought up, and write lyrics to match. Adam describes this relationship as give and take - a compromise where you are willing to accept suggestions from another person and give up some ideas of your own.

Sam
[8] Mick and Keith's legendary friendship has certainly been up and down over the years, and there's no doubt they've written some of the best rock songs ever. But [9] have they been top when it comes to number one hits? It's time to reveal the answer to my question…

Neil
Yes, you asked who has had the most number one hits in the UK music charts, and I said it was Elvis Presley.

Sam
Which was… the correct answer, Neil! [10] With twenty-one number one hits, Elvis, the King of rock'n'roll, is the most successful chart-topper, followed by The Beatles with seventeen number ones, and further down the list, The Rolling Stones with eight.

Neil
OK, let's recap the vocabulary we've learned starting with earworm - a song that you can't stop hearing over and over in your head.

Sam
A nostalgic streak is an affectionate or bittersweet feeling you have for a happy time in the past.

Neil
[11] A tastemaker is a person that influences what people think is popular or fashionable at the moment.

Sam
If you go on a bender, you spend time drinking alcohol heavily.

Neil
A chord structure is a sequence of musical chords.

Sam
And finally, [12] give and take between two people is a compromise in which they are willing to accept suggestions from each another, and give up some of their own ideas.

Neil
Don't forget that there is more to BBC Learning English than 6 Minute English! Why not try to improve your vocabulary through the language in news headlines? Try the News Review video on our website or download the podcast. And, of course, we have a free app - it's full of useful programmes and activities to help you improve your English.

Sam
Once again, our six minutes are up. Bye for now!

[1] all past its use-by date- the date printed on the food container showing how long it is safe to eat.

(해석) 전부 그것들의 사용(유통) 기한이 지난 - 음식 담은 통에 프린트된 얼마동안 안전하게 먹을 수 있는지 보여주는 날짜

[2] one third of the food we grow ends up in the rubbish bin. And it's not just food that's wasted

(해석) 우리가 기르는 3분의 1이 쓰레기통에서 끝난다 그리고 낭비되는건 음식 뿐만이 아니다

(e.g) Across China, there are 150 million workers like her, one third of them women, who have left their villages to work in the factories, the hotels, and the construction sites of the big cities

[3] Summer fruit like strawberries and mangos are flown in from tropical countries and sold in winter, increasing carbon emissions as well as waste.

(해석) 딸기나 망고같은 여름과일은 열대 나라에서 들어와서 겨울에 팔린다. 이런 것들이 탄소 배출/낭비를 증가시킨다

※ flown - fly의 pp 형태 

fly in : arrive by plane  (Justin is planning to fly in on Monday)

(e.g)

1. As last month's grounding of flights at Gatwick Airport showed us, drones can cause a lot of problems- and they can even pose a security risk- when they're flown in the wrong place

2. His father's flying in from London.

3. If you're flying in from overseas, Bournemouth and Southampton International Airports are the closest

[4] to encourage people to buy and eat food which has been grown in their local area, at that time of year.

(해석) 사람들에게 그 지역에서, 철에 맞는 음식을 사고 먹으라고 독려하는 것

※ have been pp : 현재완료 수동태
: 수동태라 함은 동사의 대상인 사람/사물/동물의 입장에서 문장을 기술하는 것인데, 이 동사의 행위가 과거에서부터 현재까지 이어져온 것을 나타낼 때 쓰임

(e.g) I have been taught to be honest by my father

※ at that time of year : 그 시기에

(e.g)

Crossing the Atlantic at that time of year was a considerable risk, as shown by Fernandez's claim that their ship barely made it back. : 그 시기에 대서양을 건너는 것은 상당히 위험했다. 그들의 배가 좀처럼 돌아오기 힘들 것이라고 하는 Ferenandez의 주장이 보여주듯이

We always go to Vineyard at this time of year : 우리는 항상 매년 이맘때 포도원에 간다

※ '그 당시에 ' 라고 말하고자 할때는 at that time 은 어색함 (문법적으로는 맞지만 관용적으로 세가지 어구들을 사용함)

1) 일어난 순간

That's when i decided to study English

2) 예전, 넓은 과거 상황을 얘기할 때

Back then, I knew nothing about Korea

3) 지금이랑 상황이 다른 과거 순간 (at that time 보다 at the time을 선호)

I didn't have my phone with me at the time. (그때 나 핸드폰 없었어)

It seemed like a good idea at the time (그땐 아이디어 좋아 보였는데)

[5] she used to have to sell her crops to these kind of middlemen.

(해석) 그녀는 그녀의 작물을 이러한 중간상들에게 팔아야 하곤 했다

※ used to + infinitive  vs. be/get used to + -ing
used to + infinitive: to talk about a past situation that is no longer true. It tells us that there was a repeated action or state in the past which has now changed

(e.g)

1. She used to be a long-distance runner when she was younger

2. I didn't use to sleep very well, but then i started doing yoga and it really helps (부정문)

3. Did you use to come here as a child ?  (의문문)

be/get used to : 'be familiar with' or 'be accustomed to'

(e.g)

She's used to the city now and doesn't get lost any more.
He wasn't used to walking so much and his legs hurt after the hike.(부정문)
I'm a teacher so I'm used to speaking in public.

In addition, We use get used to to talk about the process of becoming familiar with something.  

(e.g)

I'm finding this new job hard but I'm sure I'll get used to it soon (미래)
It took my mother years to get used to living in London after moving from Pakistan.
I'm getting used to the noise now. I found it really stressful when I first moved in. (현재진행)

[6] I want it half that price'.

(해석) 반값에 원해요

※ half price

A. I can get this product for half price (O)

B. I can get this product fof half of the price (X)

C. I can get this product for half of its price (X)

There might not be anything wrong with B.C, but they are not what we say in the US

B would be used only in comparison with another product

-> I can get chicken for half of the price of beef

[7] So I didn't have any way of controlling how I was going to sell - it just depended on these people coming.

(해석) 그래서 어떻게 팔아야 할지 통제할 방법이 없었어요 - 단지 그 사람들이 하는 것에 달려있었죠

※ was going to : ~ 하려고 (작정)하고 있었다 (과거의 시점에서 그 이후의 일을 생각하고 있거나, 계획 하고 있었을 때)

be going to (~하려고 한다, ~ 할 작정이다) 의 과거형태

intend to 와 유사하나 일상 언어에서는 be going to 를 더 많이 사용

(e.g)

I was gonna say " I love you" to my girlfriend, but she left for another man

I was going to tell you this, but i'd better keep it to myself

※ will vs be going to

I will quit my job : 일 그만 둘거야! (의지)

I am going to quit my job : 일 관두려고해 (계획)

[8] All this leads to food waste because it's really hard for farmers, like Josefina, to predict which crops they're going to be able to sell.

(해석) 모든 이런 것이 음식 낭비를 야기한다 josefina 같은 농부들에게는 어떤 작물을 팔 수 있을 것인지 예측하기 어렵기 때문이다 

※ be going to be able to : 가까운 미래에 가능여부

Sorry, Penny, I'm not going to be able to have dinner with you. (O)
Sorry, Penny, I'm not being able to have dinner with you. (X)
Sorry, Penny, I'm not able to have dinner with you. (O) -> It is okay to say a futrue with event with simple present

(e.g)

1. I am never going to be able to forgive myself!

2.  Am I going to be able to pull free?

3. Is that going to be able to continue ?

4. When is the camp going to be able to accept them?

[9] Another problem is that we throw away food after we've bought it.

(해석) 다른 문제는 우리가 음식을 구매한 이후에 그것을 버리는 것이다

※ after S + have pp : 완료 표현은 순서개념을 동사에 표현하는 것

They left before i got there (구어로 전달할 때, 헷갈릴 수 있는 경우)

--> They had left before i got there

--> They had left when i got there (before 없이도 순서 표현)

http://www.hintnote.co.kr/%EC%8B%9C%EC%A0%9Ctense%EC%9D%98-%ED%95%B5%EC%8B%AC-2%EA%B0%80%EC%A7%80-%EC%A4%91-%ED%95%98%EB%82%98-%EA%B7%B8%EB%A6%AC%EA%B3%A0-%EC%99%84%EB%A3%8Chave-pp/

[10] they have to blanket apply a shorter date to protect consumers.

(해석) 그들은 소비자를 보호하기위해 더 짧께 여유를 둬야한다  

blank 뜻 세가지

1. broad in scope/content

blanket statement : 일반화 하다 (싸잡아서 말하다)

guidelines policy 와 쓰이면 : 전면적인 일관적으로 적용되는

(e.g) I am in favor of being more precise and approaching it with a scalpel, not with a blanket policy

a blanket stay-home order, a blanket policy, a blanket permit, a blanket rule, a blanket ban, a blanket denial etc. 

2. wet blanket

 -- It was a wet blanket over (sth)

 -- (sb) throws a wet blanket over (sth)

To make something be less 1) enjoyable, 2) successful, or 3) important

(e.g)

A. less enjoyable

Her crappy attitude really threw a wet blanket over the party

B. Less successful

The court's decision throws a wet blanket over the president's plan for healthcare reform

C. Less important

I could tell that Sean's football victory threw a wet blanket over Sam's news about getting into the college she wanted 

---> Sean stole Sam's thunder

3. pigs in a blanket : 소세지 빵

[11] the date until which food is safe to eat.

(해석) 해당 음식을 안전하게 먹을 수 있을때까지의 날짜 

which food : 그 음식

※ until vs by

until : ~ 전까지 쭉

by: (늦어도) ~ 까지

(e.g)

we have to leave by 12 : 늦어도 12시까지 떠나야해

we have to wait until 12 : 12시 전까지 쭉 기다려야해 (12시부터는 가도됨)

you have to be here by tomorrow : 내일 여기 와야해

you have to be here until tomorrow : 내일 전까지는 쭉 여기 있어야 해 ( = 오늘까진 꼭 있어, 내일은 없어도 돼)

Finish this by 5 

He won't be here until tomorrow : 내일 전까지 여기엔 없을 거다 ( = 내일 올거야)

Stay here till(until) tomorrow : 내일 전까지 쭉 여기 있어 (= 내일 가)

full script

Neil
Hello. This is 6 Minute English from BBC Learning English. I'm Neil.

Sam
And I'm Sam.

Neil
Does this situation sound familiar to you, Sam? You reach into the kitchen refrigerator looking for something to eat, only to find a brown lettuce, a sad-looking cucumber, and some two-week old fish, [1] all past its use-by date - the date printed on the food container showing how long it is safe to eat.

Sam
Oh, I'm guilty of wasting food, Neil - me and many others. According to the UN, [2] one third of the food we grow ends up in the rubbish bin. And it's not just food that's wasted - it's also the resources used to produce that food, things like water, land and transport.

Neil
In this programme, we'll be talking about food waste. We'll meet the people trying to stop us from throwing good food away, and, as usual, we'll be learning some new vocabulary as well.

Sam
Here in the UK, big supermarkets import food from abroad for customers to enjoy all year round. [3] Summer fruit like strawberries and mangos are flown in from tropical countries and sold in winter, increasing carbon emissions as well as waste.

Neil
Yes, that's why you hear the phrase, 'eat local, eat seasonal' [4] to encourage people to buy and eat food which has been grown in their local area, at that time of year. So, Sam, my question is - which of the following foods can be grown in Britain throughout the year? Is it:
a) strawberries?
b) kale? or,
c) rhubarb?

Sam
Hmmm, it's definitely not strawberries 'cos they only grow in summer, so I'll say b) kale.

Neil
OK, I'll reveal the answer later. We've talked about supermarkets in Britain, but food waste is happening all over the world. In Puerto Rico, too, most people shop in supermarkets, making it difficult for farmers to choose what to sell, and how much to charge for their fruit and vegetables.

Sam
Josefina Arcay is a farmer who wanted to make it easier for customers to buy local food. She started an online shop to connect shoppers with farmers directly, without the supermarkets. Here Josefina explains her project to Jo Mathys, reporter for BBC World Service Programme, People Fixing The World.

Jo Mathys
So Josefina, that's the farmer who we heard earlier growing those giant avocados, [5] she used to have to sell her crops to these kind of middlemen.

Josefina Arcay
We had a lot of… I don't know how you call carreros... it's just people that have a big truck and they will just come by, and they will say, 'What do you have? Ohhh… that's too expensive! Wooh… very expensive! [6] I want it half that price'. [7] So I didn't have any way of controlling how I was going to sell - it just depended on these people coming.

Jo Mathys
And a lot of these carreros are kind of commissioned by the supermarkets. [8] All this leads to food waste because it's really hard for farmers, like Josefina, to predict which crops they're going to be able to sell.

Neil
Josefina used to sell her food to carreros or middlemen - people who buy food directly from the grower, and make money by selling it on to customers. Josefina had no control over what to sell, and a lot of her food went to waste.

Sam
Usually middlemen are commissioned - they received a payment from the supermarkets directly related to the amount they sell. But with Josefina's online shop, farmers get a fair price for their food, customers get high-quality, fresh vegetables, and less food is wasted.

Neil
[9] Another problem is that we throw away food after we've bought it. In fact, UN estimates that 60 percent of food waste happens in this way, often because it's past the use-by date and might not be safe to eat.

Sam
But according to green designer, Solveiga Pakstaite, these use-by dates aren't always accurate, something she discussed with BBC World Service's, People Fixing The World.

Jo Mathys
Well, food makers don't know how people will keep their products, so for instance, they might forget to put their groceries straight in the fridge when they get home. So what they do is they calculate the use-by date using a very cautious estimate.

Solveiga Pakstaite
Food producers and supermarkets… they kind of have to calculate it to the worst-case scenario because they don't know which product is going to get stored at the wrong temperature, so [10] they have to blanket apply a shorter date to protect consumers.

Neil
Supermarkets set cautious use-by dates for the worst-case scenario - the worst that could possibly happen in a situation, for example, someone getting sick and dying of food poisoning. In other words, they blanket apply use-by dates. Here, blanket is an adverb meaning applied in the same way to everything, even when there are differences between those things.

Sam
Doing this protects customers from bad food, but it also means a lot of safe-to-eat food gets thrown away. Maybe it's best to stick to local, seasonal food after all. Anyway, Neil, what was the answer to your question?

Neil
Right. I asked you which food could be grown in Britain all year round. You said kale, which was… the correct answer! Unlike strawberries and rhubarb, kale grows in all seasons, and what's more, it's good for you too! OK, let's recap the vocabulary we've learned starting with use-by date - [11] the date until which food is safe to eat.

Sam
The slogan eat local, eat seasonal encourages people to buy food which has been grown locally during the current season.

Neil
A middleman buys produce directly from the producer, before selling it on to customers for a profit. If he is commissioned, he received a payment directly related to the amount he sells.

Sam
The worst-case scenario describes the most serious, unpleasant thing that could happen in a situation.

Neil
And finally, the adverb blanket means applied in the same uniform way to everything, even when there are differences between those things. Bye for now!

주요 문장

[1] Ever since, printing has been used around the world to produce books, newspapers and magazines.

(해석) 그 이후로 쭉, 프린팅은 전세계에서 책, 신문, 잡지를 생산하기 위해 사용되어 오고 있다

[2] Printing technology has come a long way since Gutenberg’s time

(해석) 프린팅 기술은 Gutenberg의 시대 이후로 많이 발전되었습니다

※ have come a long way

의미: 많이 늘었다 / 많은 발전을 이뤘다 ( to have made a lot of progress )

조동사 + come 형태 ( [have,has, had, did] + come )로 쓰이며, 주로 현재완료 (have pp) 형태로 쓰임

(예문)

You have come a long way in surfing

You've come a long way, boy

Internet technology has come a long way in the last 20 years

He's really come a long way from when he could barely hold a guitar

[3] printers which can build solid, three-dimensional objects out of a variety of materials 

(해석) 다양한 재료들로 만들어진 단단한, 3차원의 물체를 만들 수 있는 프린터

※ out of 용법

[4] Unlike a sculptor who chips away at a block of stone to reveal a shape underneath

(해석) 내부의 형상을 드러내기 위해 바위 조각을 깎는 조각가와는 달리

※ chip away at something 

to gradually make something less effective or destroy it

(예문)

Fears about the future chipped away at her sense of well-being

The dismantling began on the night of November 9 as hundreds of Berliners chipped away at some of the more decorative chunks

[5] Before Johannes Gutenberg invented his printing press, copies of texts were made by block printing, using hand-carved wooden blocks pressed into ink

(해석) Gutenberg 가 printing press 를 발명하기 전에, 텍스트 복사본은 잉크를 찍은 손으로 깎아 만든 나무 블록을 이용하여 block prining 으로 이뤄졌다.

※ using ~ : 현재분사 (~를 이용하여)

※ pressed ~ : 과거분사로 block 수식 (잉크에 찍은)

[6] it might have been a recipe.

(해석) 아마 recipe 일거 같아요

might have pp : (어쩌면) ~ 했을지도 몰라, [약한 추측]

(예문)

It might have come up while we were waiting for you (당신을 기다리는 동안 떠올랐던 것 같아요)

she might have gone on to great things (그녀는 크게 성공 했을지도 몰라)

Though, if only she was a couple years yonger, i might've loved here a little differently (한 두 살만 젊었어도 다른 감정을 느겼을 거야)

could have pp:  1 할 수 있었는데,, 2. .. 였을지 몰라  3 부정적 추측

1. 할수 있었는데.. (못했을 때)

I could have helped you. (but i couldn't)

You could have lent me the money (but you didn't)

2. .. 였을지 몰라 (= may, might)

It could have rained in the afternoon (= It may(might) have rained in the afternoon)

Tom could have arrived at that time (=Tom may(might) have arrived at that time)

3. 부정적 추측(couldn't have pp)

Tom couldn't have done it by himself (Tom 이 혼자서 그걸 할 순 없었을 거야)

It coudn't have been better! ([의역] 너무 좋았어! (더 좋았을 순 없었을 거야))

[7] but it was only after the millennium that tech companies began to realise how it could be done

(해석) 그러나 2000년대가 된 후에야 테크 회사들은 그것이 어떻게 가능한지 깨닫기 시작했다 

only after : ~ 한 후에야

(예문)

1. It is only after we've lost everything that we are free to do anything (모든 것을 잃은 후에야 무엇이든 자유롭게 할 수 있다)

2. It was only after the movie was over that i notice the real criminal (영화가 끝나고 나서야 누가 진범인지 눈치챘어)

3. I recognized her only after she introduced herself (그녀가 스스로 소개하고 나서야 그녀를 알아보았어)

4. I realized only after then (나는 그제서야 깨달았어)

5. You can enter the hotel only after 3 pm (a reservation) (3pm 이후가 되어야 호텔에 들어갈 수 있어)

[8] As the millennium turned, patents expired and that meant people started making very cheap 3D printers.

(해석) 2000년대가 도래하면서, 특허들이 만료됐고, 그 말은 사람들이 아주 저렴한 3D printer를 만들기 시작했다는 겁니다

that meant : 그말은, 이것은 , 즉 , 그 의미가, 그 뜻을

1. That meant i was going to be on TV

2. That meant we had to break a lot of rules of business

3. That meant there would be a demand

4. I asked again what that meant

5. The patient knew what that meant

[9] In fact, in turned out that 3D printers were excellent at making bespoke things

(해석) 사실 3D printer 는 맞춤 생산 제품을 만드는 것에 훌륭한 것으로 밝혀 졌다

[10] so what we have been developing is a technique to automate the whole process.

(해석) 우리가 개발해오고 있는 것은 전체 과정을 자동화 하는 기술이다

현재완료 진행

[11] You asked me about the earliest known text to have been printed using wooden blocks

(해석) wooden block을 이용해서 프린트된 가장 초기로 알려진 텍스트에 대해 물어봤죠

what was the oldest known text to be printed this way?

1. The area is one of the earliest known settled areas in Africa

2. The earliest known remains of humans was discovered in Kenya

3. One of the earliest known examples of industrial espionage (산업 스파이의 가장 오래된 알려진 예)

단어

mucking about : spending time playing with them in a fun way.

people started mucking about with them 

(해석) 사람들은 그것들로 재밌는 상상들을 하기 시작했다  

bespoke : objects which are made specially for a particular person

prosthetics : artificial body parts made specially for someone who has lost an arm, a leg or a foot, for example.

One area which 3D printing dramatically improved was medical prosthetics 

(해석) 3D printing 이 드라마틱하게 발전된 분야는 의료용 인공 기관이다

that's an artisan process which is very time-consuming and requires real artistry on the part of the ocularist 

(해석) 그것은 시간이 많이 걸리고 ocularist 개인의 실제 예술적 기교를 요하는 예술에 가까운(의역) 과정입니다 

artistry : 기교

on the part of (a person) : 1. ~으로서는, ~쪽에서는 2. ~에 의한, ~에 책임이 있는

ocularist : the ocularist is the person who fits the prosthetic eye 

Full script

Sam
Hello. This is 6 Minute English from BBC Learning English. I’m Sam.

Neil
And I’m Neil. In 1436 in Germany, Johannes Gutenberg, invented the printing press - a machine capable of making many copies of the same page of text. [1]Ever since, printing has been used around the world to produce books, newspapers and magazines.

Sam
[2]Printing technology has come a long way since Gutenberg’s time, but even today’s most advanced laser printers have only printed flat, two-dimensional objects… until now.

Neil
In this programme, we’re discussing 3D printers – [3]printers which can build solid, three-dimensional objects out of a variety of materials including plastic, concrete and metal.

Sam
Now, Neil, when you say a printer that can make solid objects, I guess you’re not talking about a normal printer…

Neil

That’s right, Sam. These large and complex 3D printers work in a completely different way. [4]Unlike a sculptor who chips away at a block of stone to reveal a shape underneath, 3D printers work in the opposite way, building up physical objects by adding material layer on layer. And the ability to print objects in this way is providing solutions to many problems, as we’ll be finding out…

Sam
But first I have a question for you, Neil. [5]Before Johannes Gutenberg invented his printing press, copies of texts were made by block printing, using hand-carved wooden blocks pressed into ink. So - what was the oldest known text to be printed this way? Was it:

a) a religious teaching?
b) a cooking recipe? or,
c) a love letter?

Neil
I think [6]it might have been a recipe.

Sam
OK, Neil. I’ll reveal the answer later in the programme. The idea of printing solid objects is not new, [7]but it was only after the millennium that tech companies began to realise how it could be done. Here’s Professor Mark Miodownik, a material scientist at University College, London, explaining more to BBC World Service programme, People Fixing The World:

Professor Mark Miodownik
[8] As the millennium turned, patents expired and that meant people started making very cheap 3D printers. And people started mucking about with them and going, ‘Hold on a minute! - it’s not just an industrial tool…. You can put them in schools, you can put them in universities…Ohh, it's actually really great for prototyping’. And then people got excited about it and it became the answer to everything. Everything was going to be 3D-printed!

Neil
After the year 2000, 3D printers suddenly got much cheaper and tech companies started mucking about with them – spending time playing with them in a fun way. They realised that 3D printers had many uses - for example, they discovered that 3D printers were great at making prototypes – models of a product that can be tested, improved and used to develop better products.

Sam
Professor Miodownik thinks these tech companies were surprised at how useful 3D printing was. He uses the phrase Hold on a minute! to express this surprise or disbelief.

Neil
[9] In fact, in turned out that 3D printers were excellent at making bespoke things – objects which are made specially for a particular person. One area which 3D printing dramatically improved was medical prosthetics - artificial body parts made specially for someone who has lost an arm, a leg or a foot, for example.

Sam
In 2021, Stephen Verze, who lost an eye in a childhood accident, became the first person to be fitted with a 3D-printed prosthetic eye. It’s prosthetic, so the new eye doesn't restore Stephen’s sight, but it has boosted his confidence. Surgeon, Mandeep Sagoo, led the team at Moorsfield Hospital that operated on Stephen’s eye. Here he is explaining more to BBC World Service’s, People Fixing The World:

Professor Mandeep Sagoo
In many countries, particularly the developed world, there are facilities for custom-making a prosthetic eye to match the other eye, and that's an artisan process which is very time-consuming and requires real artistry on the part of the ocularist – the ocularist is the person who fits the prosthetic eye – and [10] so what we have been developing is a technique to automate the whole process.

Neil
Even before 3D printers, prosthetic eyes were custom-made, a word similar to ‘bespoke’ which means specially made according to a particular person’s requirements. But the traditional way of making artificial eyes by hand is very time-consuming – it takes a lot of time to do. Nowadays, 3D printing can complete the whole process in just thirty minutes.

Sam
It’s great to see technology helping people, and amazing how far new inventions like 3D printers have come since the days of Johannes Gutenberg… speaking of which, Neil, it’s time to reveal the answer to my question.

Neil
Right. [11] You asked me about the earliest known text to have been printed using wooden blocks, and I guesses it was a cooking recipe… So, was I right?

Sam
You were… wrong, I’m afraid, Neil! The oldest known wooden block print was actually a religious text – the Buddha’s Diamond Sutra. OK, let’s recap the vocabulary from this programme, starting with mucking about, an informal way to say playing with something carelessly, not for a serious reason.

Neil
A prototype is a model of a product that can be tested, improved and used to develop a better product.

Sam
The phrase Hold on a minute! can be used to express surprise or disbelief.

Neil
Prosthetics refer to artificial body parts such as arms, legs, feet or eyes, which are used to replace a missing natural part.

Sam
The words bespoke, and custom-made describe something specially made for a particular person.

Neil
And finally, if something is time-consuming, it takes a lot of time to do. Goodbye for now!

[Today i learn]

※ words

pollster : (person who surveys opinion)

                Pollsters have released new numbers based on a much more through survey 

misfires : (a situation where something does not work as intended)

dissertation : (school, university : extended essay, doctoral thesis)

                       All final year students have to write a dissertation on a topic of their choice

                       The student was pleased to have finally finished the disseration for her doctorate

blank cheque : (you have unlimited money and freedom to complete a task)

as a whole. : [adv] (all considered together)

                       Some students need to improve, but the class as a whole is very good 

More or Less : [adv] (to a greater or lesser extent) ; 거의, 다소, 어느정도

                          I have more or less decided to delay going to college for a year

stark : (obvious, harsh and plain)

harsh : (manner: mean)(climate);  (태도) 가혹한, 엄격한 (기후) 혹독한, 매서운

             She was quite harsh with the kids. She should be nicer to them

             They have harsh winters in Norway

conduct polls : 여론조사 하다 (poll : number of votes cast)

※ expressions

by asking members of the public how they intend to vote

대중들에게 어떻게 투표할 건지 물어봄으로써

opinion polls don't always get it right

여론조사가 항상 맞는 것은 아니다 (e.g if you can't get it right, don't bother trying)

most polls predicted Trump would lose to Joe Biden by a much larger amount than he actually did

많은 여론조사가 트럼프가 바이든에게 실제보다 훨씬 큰 차이로 질 것이라고 예측했다  

when things do not work in the way intended

일이 뜻대로 되지 않을 때

it’s about another time when the opinion polls got it wrong.

여론조가가 틀렸던 다른 케이스(때) 에 대한 것입니다

people’s opinion on a range of subjects

다양한 주제들에 대한 사람들의 의견

(e.g. Mr. Clinton and Mr. Hastert spoke for about 20 minutes one day last week on a range of subjects as different as spending bills and breast cancer research, aides said) 

 by 1931 or so

1931년도 쯤 

polling was focused on consumer preferences

여론 조사는 소비자 선호도에 초점이 맞췄다

If people were understanding this process, that’s generating all the polls, then they would understand polls as less precise tools – tools that definitely can’t offer the laser-like predictive accuracy we’ve come to expect from them,

사람들이 여론조사를 만들어 내는 이 프로세스를 이해하는 중이었다면, 그들은 여론조사가 그렇제 정확하지 않은 툴이라는 것을 이해할 것이다.  (우리가 기대하는 레이저와 같은 정확한 예측 정확도를 제공할 수 없는 툴) 

(e.g

But that's what we've come to expect from Senator Obama

"And it's what we've come to expect from my opponent".

As such, it's the antithesis of the comatose conveyance pod we've come to expect from Toyota.

But this is what we've come to expect from Mayor Bloomberg and his gun control agenda".

Sure-footed diagnosis is what we have come to expect from our physicians.)

Maybe it’s not opinion polls that are broken but our desire to know the future that’s the problem.

잘못된 여론 조사가 문제가 아니라, 우리의 미래를 알고자하는 욕구가 문제일 것이다 

[full scripts]

Neil
Hello. This is 6 Minute English from BBC Learning English. I’m Neil.

Sam
And I’m Sam. Predicting the future is not easy but that’s exactly the job of opinion pollsters – researchers who ask people questions to discover what they think about certain topics. Often their aim is predicting which political party will win in election by asking members of the public how they intend to vote.

Neil
But predicting the future is never one hundred percent accurate, and opinion polls don’t always get it right. In 2016, few pollsters predicted a victory for Donald Trump over Hillary Clinton in the US presidential election.

Sam
And in the 2020 US elections, most polls predicted Trump would lose to Joe Biden by a much larger amount than he actually did. These mistakes, sometimes called misfires -when things do not work in the way intended - have damaged the reputation of opinion pollsters. In this programme we’ll be taking a look into the opinion polling industry and, of course, learning some useful new vocabulary as well.

Neil
But first I have a question for you, Sam, and it’s about another time when the opinion polls got it wrong. Few pollsters predicted that Britain would vote to leave the European Union in the 2016 Brexit referendum which, in the end, it did. But what was the final split between those who voted to leave and those who wanted to remain? Was it:

a)      51 leave to 49 remain?

b)     52 leave to 48 remain?

c)      52 remain to 48 leave?

Sam
I think it was b) 52 percent voted to leave and 48 percent to remain.

Neil
OK, Sam, I’ll reveal the answer at the end of the programme.

Sam
One of the biggest polling companies was founded by George Gallup. Born in 1901 on a farm in Iowa, Gallup was a student of journalism. He wanted to know people’s opinion on a range of subjects and came up with a simple idea – why not try asking them? Here’s G Elliot Morris, a data journalist for ‘The Economist’, explaining more to BBC World Service programme, More or Less…

G Elliot Morris
And he publishes his dissertation on this - how to measure what people want, basically. And he gets hired by a much bigger advertising agency in New York called Young and Rubicam. And they basically give him a blank cheque to do their research, to figure out how to call people, how to talk to them, to figure out if they remember or liked a certain product. Basically to figure out early methodologies in advertising. And then by 1931 or so, he's wondering: well, if it works for toothpaste, why not politics?

Neil
George Gallup tried to figure out what customers wanted to buy. If you figure something out, you finally understand it or find a solution to a problem after thinking about it a lot.

Sam
Later he was hired by a New York advertising agency to find out people’s opinion of consumer products like toothpaste and soft drinks. George was given a blank cheque – an unlimited amount of money and freedom to do his job.

Neil
At this time, polling was focused on consumer preferences, not politics. But asking people about their political views is a lot more complicated than asking them about toothpaste. Making accurate election predictions depends on polling a sample group of people who accurately represent the population as a whole. One of the reasons for pollsters failure to predict Trump’s election in 2016 is that they didn’t ask enough white, non-college educated voters.

Sam
So, polling is a very complex process, one which is never totally reliable according to G Elliot Morris , speaking again here to BBC World Service’s, More or Less…

G Elliot Morris
If people were understanding this process, that’s generating all the polls, then they would understand polls as less precise tools – tools that definitely can’t offer the laser-like predictive accuracy we’ve come to expect from them, then the difference between polling’s’ expectations and performance wouldn’t be so stark.

Neil
Opinion polls can estimate the outcome of an election but they can’t give us laser-like accuracy. If you describe something as laser-like you mean it is very accurate and focused, like a laser.

Sam
If people understand how hard it is to predict the future, they might be more realistic about how accurate opinion polls can be. Then, differences between a prediction and the final result wouldn’t be so stark – obvious and easily visible, or harsh.

Neil
Predicting the future is difficult, otherwise everyone would be a lottery winner by now! Maybe it’s not opinion polls that are broken but our desire to know the future that’s the problem. OK, it’s time to reveal the answer to my question about the Brexit referendum.

Sam
I said the final result was 52 percent for leave and 48 percent for remain.

Neil
Which was… the correct answer! and another example of an opinion poll misfire – a situation where something does not work as intended. OK, let’s recap the rest of the vocabulary from this programme about opinion pollsters – people who conduct polls asking the public their opinion on particular subjects, especially politics.

Sam
If you figure something out, you finally understand it, or find the solution to a problem after thinking long and hard about it.

Neil
If someone gives you a blank cheque, you have unlimited money and freedom to complete a task.

Sam
When you describe something as laser-like you mean that it’s very accurate and precise.

Neil
And finally, the adjective stark has several meanings including obvious, harsh and plain. Once again, our six minutes are up. Bye for now!

[Today I Learn]

*dream up :생각해내다

*lumps : 덩어리

*amongst : [전] among

*outline : [동] 윤곽을 나타내다 / 보여주다 [명] 개요, 윤곽

*conundrum : [명] 난제, 수수께끼

*grid : [명] 격자무늬, 기준선망, 배전망, (자동차 경주) 출발점, 인터넷 망

*in particular : 특히

[Full Scripts]

Neil
Hello. This is 6 Minute English from BBC Learning English. I’m Neil.

Sam
And I’m Sam. Here at Six Minute English, we often discuss the new inventions and ideas scientists dream up to fight climate change – technologies like geo-engineering which could reduce global warming by reflecting sunlight back into space.

Neil
Often these ideas are controversial because scientists disagree over whether the technology is possible, and whether, in some cases, it could do more harm than good.

Sam
In this programme, we’ll be finding out about a new idea to collect lumps of precious metals, called nodules, from the bottom of the ocean. The idea, known as deep-sea mining, could provide the metals like copper, nickel and cobalt which are needed for the green technology used in electric car batteries and other renewable energy. But could deep-sea mining actually damage delicate ocean ecosystems as well?

Neil
We’ll be hearing from two experts and learning some new vocabulary soon, but first I have a question for you, Sam. Mammals like dolphins and whales represent a tiny amount of all marine biodiversity - the thousands of animal species living in the sea. Even all the different types of fish combined make up less than 3% of all living things in the ocean. So, according to recent estimates by Unesco oceanographers, how many different marine species have their home in the ocean? Is it:

a)    70,000?
b)    170,000?
c)    700,000?

Sam
I’ll guess there are around 170,000 animal species living in the sea.

Neil
OK, Sam, I’ll reveal the answer at the end of the programme. Deep-sea mining is supported by some scientists because it could provide the raw materials, especially metals, needed to power electric cars. Amongst them is, Bramley Murton, a professor of marine biology at Southampton’s National Oceanographic Centre. Here he outlines the problem to BBC World Service’s, Science in Action.

*amongst : [전] among

*outline : [동] 윤곽을 나타내다 / 보여주다 [명] 개요, 윤곽

Bramley Murton
As in so many things in life, there's a real kind of paradox or a conundrum. The global grid capacity by 2050 will have to increase by three times. Electrical car ownership is set to increase by a factor of 25. Solar and wind generation is going to grow by a factor of a hundred. All of these things which we need to do to decarbonise are going to require raw materials and metals in particular. So, as a society we’re faced with this conundrum. We need to decarbonise.

*conundrum : [명] 난제, 수수께끼

*grid : [명] 격자무늬, 기준선망, 배전망, (자동차 경주) 출발점, 인터넷 망

*in particular : 특히

Sam
Professor Murton describes the situation using two words. Firstly, he calls it a conundrum – a problem that is very difficult to solve. He also calls it a paradox – a situation that seems impossible because it contains two opposite ideas. Deep-sea mining could damage the ocean, but paradoxically it might provide rare metals needed to decarbonise the planet.

Neil
At the heart of the problem is that, in the future, green activities like driving electric cars and using solar power is going to increase by a factor of a hundred. If something increases by a factor of a certain number, it becomes multiplied that many times.

Sam
But another marine biologist, Helen Scales, isn’t convinced. Here she explains her doubts to BBC World Service’s, Science in Action.

Helen Scales
My concern at this point is that deep-sea mining and deep-sea nodules in particular are being seen as a silver bullet to solve the climate crisis, and in such a way as well that I think, that we can hopefully rely on life carrying on pretty much as normal. My concern is that it really will be opening a door to something much more than those tests – it’s leading down a rather slippery slope I think, towards this getting permission for deep-sea mining to be open on a commercial scale.

$be being pp : 현재 진행 수동

your car is being repaired

A building is being built

(Being) surprised, i told him not to do that

$have been pp : 수동태의 현재 완료

He has taught English to me for theree years (현재완료) --> English has been taught to me by him for three years

$have been being pp : 수동태 문장의 현재완료 진행 의미

The car is repaired by me (수동태)

The car is being repaired by me (현재 진행 수동)

The car has been being repaired by me since 9 am (현재완료 진행 수동태, 9시부터 쭉 수리되고 있는 중..)

*carry on: 계속 가다 , (구어) 휴대하다

*slippery slope: a situation or course of action that is difficult to stop and is likely to get worse and worse

*in such a way that ~

- in such a way as to V : ~ 하는 (그런) 식으로,  ~하여 (결과적으로) .. 하다 

- in such a way that ... VS : so that (that 절에는 결과와 그 결과를 얻는 방식이 복합적으로 서술됨)

Steve dresses in such a way as to attract no attention

John worded the letter in such a way as to confuse everyone

In particular, it should be designed in such a way as to satisfy certain desirable objectives

He realizes that he must act in such a way that (if death should strike him now), his life will have been significant and worth-while

*as well : 또한 역시

Neil
Helen worries that deep-sea mining will be seen as a silver bullet to the climate crisis – a simple and instant solution to a complicated problem. She thinks the tests which have been permitted to assess the difficulty of mining underwater could open the door to mining on a large scale which would damage fragile marine eco-systems beyond repair. If you open the door to something, you allow something new to start, or make it possible.

*beyond repair : 수리 불가능한

Sam
Helen thinks starting deep-sea mining leads down a slippery slope – a situation or habit that is difficult to stop and is likely to get worse and worse. And that could spell the end for thousands of marine animal and plant species.

*be likely to : ~ 할 것 같다, ~ 할 가능성이 있다

1) likely 가 형용사로 쓰이는 경우 : 있음직한 가능하다고 생각되는, 할 것 같은 , ~듯한

2) likely 가 부사로 쓰이는 경우: 아마, 십중팔구 (very, quite, most, highly, extremely 등 강조 부사와 함께 쓰임, 비교급: more likely)

He is likely to marry her soon

The new boss will highly likely to increase the profits of the company

She is more likely to accept the proposal than he is

It is likely that the economy will recover with the economic stimulus package

부정형태  'not likely'

She is not likely to arrive by 7 for the ceremony

It is not likely that he will win the singing contest

be 동사 대신 seem, appear 등과도 쓰임

It seems likely that he will remember what to do for the presentation

The wound seems likely to heal quickly

반대표현으로 unlikely 가 있음

She is unlikley to get the position

비슷한 표현으로 probable , possible

It is probabel / possible that ~  ( be probable (possible) to 형태로는 쓸 수 없음 )

*spell: [동] 철자를 말하다, 철자에 맞게 쓰다, (나쁜 결과를) 가져오다, (다른 사람이 휴식하도록) 교대하다  

Neil
Yes, our oceans need protection as much as our land and skies - which reminds me of my question, Sam.

Sam
Yes, you asked how many different marine species live in the ocean and I guessed it was b) 170,000.

Neil
Which was the wrong answer, I’m afraid! There are estimated to be around 700,000 marine species, only about 226,000 of which have been identified so far. OK, let’s recap the vocabulary we’ve learned from the programme, starting with conundrum – a problem that’s very difficult to fix.

*There are estimated : ~ 추정(추산) 된다 

In Serbia there are estimated to be up to 900,000 illicit firearms, mostly AK-type military weapons.

The stars there are estimated to have formed almost 13 billion years ago

Sam
A paradox describes a situation that seems impossible because it contains two opposite ideas.

Neil
If something grows by a factor of ten, it becomes multiplied ten times.

*multiplied

Those concerns will be multiplied many times over should the chancellor's latest proposals come to fruition.

All of them would have been multiplied many times had AIG failed too.  (if AIG had failed too)

Solidarity's demands multiplied and Soviet misgivings intensified

Sam
The term, a silver bullet, means a simple solution to a complicated problem - often a solution that doesn’t actually exist.

Neil
A slippery slope is a situation or course of action that is difficult to stop and is likely to get worse and worse

*course of action: a plan; a set of intended actions, through which one intends to achieve a goal

- Everyone would prefer that course of action

- Appraisal is a difficult course of action

Sam
And finally, the idiom to open the door to something means to allow something new to start or to make it possible. 

Sam
Hello. This is 6 Minute English from BBC Learning English. I’m Sam.

Neil
And I’m Neil. There are a million songs about falling in love, and just as many about being broken-hearted.

Do you remember the first time you fell in love, Sam?

*just as S V: S 가 V 하듯이 / 이듯이 /인 것처럼 

Sam
Yes - I was fourteen and it seemed like every word of every love song had been written just for me!

Neil
There’s a strong connection between music and love - as Shakespeare famously wrote, ‘If music be the food of love, play on’.

In this programme we’ll be meeting a singer-songwriter who used music to express her feelings of falling in love, and later to mend her broken heart when the relationship ended.

And as usual, we’ll be learning some new vocabulary as well.

Sam
But first I have a question for you, Neil. Your mention of Shakespeare reminds me of Romeo and Juliet, his famous lovers who fall in love despite their fighting families, only to die tragically young. But in which Italian city was Romeo and Juliet set? Was it:

a) Florence?
b) Venice? or,
c) Verona?

*only to do : 1. 그 결과는 ~ 뿐, 2. 단지 ... 하기 위해 

* set in place 

Neil
I think it must be one of the world’s most romantic cities - Florence.

Sam

OK, Neil, I’ll reveal the answer later in the programme. Julia Jacklin is an Australian singer-songwriter whose song, ‘Don’t Know How To Keep Loving You’, reached number eight in the Australian pop charts. Her song lyrics explore feelings of falling in love as well as the pain of breaking up.

Neil
Julia’s songs are written from experience. Several years ago she quit her band in Australia and bought a one-way ticket to London to be with her boyfriend and soulmate – the person who she felt a special romantic connection with. But things didn’t work out as she’d hoped, and she found herself alone and working in a depressing job.

Sam
Julia turned to music, pouring her feelings of lost love into the songs which later became her first album as a successful grown-up musician. So when BBC World Service programme, The Conversation, spoke with her, they asked Julia what she would tell her younger self:

Julia Jacklin
The one thing that was just very heart-breaking for me at that age was adult cynicism, I guess, about love… I found that really difficult.

You know, now when a young person is, like, really in love at fourteen, I know that as an adult, all your instincts are telling them… you know that it's probably not going to work, you know? And it's like, just relax, or whatever, but I remember at the time just desperately wanting to be validated by adults and not be told that I was being stupid.

I don't know, I'd probably just be like, yeah - go for it!

Neil
Many teenagers have a romantic ideal of ever-lasting love, often in contrast to the beliefs of adults which Julia calls cynicism - the belief that something will not be successful, or that the people involved are not sincere.

*in contrast to : ~ 에 대한, (to/with) ~ 와는 대조적으로

*sincere: 진실된, 진정한

Sam
The young Julia wanted to feel validated – to get confirmation that her feelings were worthwhile and valued. She wanted someone to tell her, ‘Go for it!’, a phrase used to encourage a person to do whatever it takes to make something work.

Neil
Young love is delicate and it’s easy to be pessimistic. I mean, how many couples do you know, Sam, who met as teenagers and stayed together for the rest of their lives?

*delicate: 연약한

*pessimistic: 비관적인

Sam
I don’t know many, it’s true. Neuroscientist, Dr Lucy Brown, is co-creator of, The Anatomy Of Love, a website exploring the science of romance. She thinks we need to be more realistic about falling in love, as she explains here to BBC World Service’s, The Conversation:

Dr Lucy Brown
I wish someone had said: you know love is wonderful… yes, go for it but heartbreak happens and maybe this isn’t gonna last… maybe it is, but maybe it isn't, and just realise that it can be one of the most devastating experiences in your life, but you're gonna get over it.

*realise : realize

*devastate: 완전히 파괴하다, 엄청난 충격을 주다

Neil
Dr Brown thinks it’s important to know that relationships can end in heartbreak - feelings of great sadness, as if your heart is broken, especially after the end of a romantic affair.

*end in : ~ 로 끝나다

*affair: 연애

Sam
But she also wants young people to know that, whatever happens, they can get over it - feel better again after something has made them unhappy.

Neil
Falling in love is one of the great experiences in life, and developing the strength to face whatever happens makes it more likely that the story ends happily– unlike the tale of Romeo and Juliet.

*make it more likely that ~ : ~ 할 가능성을 높이다

- likely: 어떤 행동을 할 것 같음 또는 어떤 상황이 생길 것 같음

- likely to do : ~ 할 듯함 , likely that something will happen : 무언가 상황이 생길 듯함

Sam
I think it’s time to reveal the answer to my question – in which Italian city does the story of Romeo and Juliet take place?

Neil
I said it was Florence – so, was I right?

Sam
Well, Florence is a romantic city, but the correct answer is… Verona. Verona was little known in Shakespeare’s time, but nowadays thousands of tourists visit the sites connected with the story, including the famous balcony where Romeo declared his eternal love. OK, let’s recap the vocabulary we’ve learned starting with soulmate – the special person who you feel a strong romantic bond to.

Neil
Cynicism describes the belief that something will not work out successfully.

Sam
If you are validated, you get external confirmation that your actions, ideas or feelings are worthwhile and valuable.

Neil
You can use the phrase, Go for it! to encourage someone to make whatever efforts are necessary to get something done.

Sam
Heartbreak describes feelings of great sadness, as if your heart is broken.

Neil
And finally, to get over something means to feel better again after something has made you unhappy.

One again our six minutes are up, but there’s time for one more famous saying and I think it’s good advice: “better to have loved and lost, than never to have loved at all”. Goodbye for now.

Sam
Recently I met up with an old school friend who I hadn’t seen for years. We talked for hours…

Neil
It sounds like you had a good chinwag – a long and pleasant conversation between friends, which is great because in this programme we’re talking about talking.

We’ll be discussing conservations – the exchange of ideas, thoughts and feelings that happens when people talk to each other. 

Sam
With the rise of Twitter and social media, which encourages us to give our opinion on a subject without always listening in return, some think the art of conversation is being lost.

But luckily, there are still millions of us who love to talk, chat, chinwag and chatter away.

In fact, in 2012 a competition in Latvia broke the world record for the longest telephone conversation.

So, Neil, my question is this: how long did this record-breaking conversation last? Was it:
a) 24 hours and 4 minutes?
b) 54 hours and 4 minutes? or,
c) 84 hours and 4 minutes?

Neil
Hmmm, I’ll guess a) 24 hours and 4 minutes, after which they probably fell asleep!

Sam
OK, Neil, I’ll reveal the correct answer later in the programme.

During a long career, DJ and BBC radio presenter, Nihal Arthanayake, has had conversations with hundreds of people. Now he’s used these experiences to write a book entitled, ‘Let's Talk: How to Have Better Conversations’.

Here Nihal tells another radio presenter, Michael Rosen, of BBC Radio 4’s, Word of Mouth, about the influence of his mother who also loved talking to people in her job as a nurse:

Nihal Arthanayake
Well, it gave me the sense that you are enriched by listening.

And this was of course, pre-social media which has of course encouraged us to project - to transmit - more than receive.

So it meant that I guess I was conscious of experiences of others, and wanted to try and understand them.

Also, partially, Michael, it was a survival instinct because I was a little brown boy in a predominantly white school, a state school in the 1980s.

Neil
For Nihal, good conversation involves listening as much as speaking.

By listening we find out things about the person we are talking to which, in turn, help us understand ourselves.

This is why Nihal says we are enriched by listening – we are improved by having something else added.

Sam
As a British Asian boy growing up in a white community, Nihal also thinks conversation was a way for him to make friends and find protection. He says having conversations was a survival instinct - the human instinct to do something in a dangerous situation that will keep them safe from harm.

Neil
Nihal sees an important difference between ‘listening simply to reply’, and ‘listening to understand’. When we ‘listen to reply’, we are thinking about the next thing we want to say more than trying to understand the other person’s point of view. ‘Listening to understand’, on the other hand, helps build bridges - improve relationships between people who are very different or do not like each other.

Sam
Here’s Nihal again in conversation with BBC Radio 4’s, Word of Mouth:

Nihal Arthanayake
So conversation can build bridges, and it is proven through history that conversation has, and that conversation can be seen as an art form, and that's one of the things that I want us to understand – it's not just tittle tattle, it's not just shouting at each other on social media, it's not two politicians talking over each other.

Neil
Good conversation brings people together, unlike tittle-tattle - talk about other people's lives that is usually unkind, disapproving, or untrue.

Sam
And good conversation involves taking turns, not talking over someone – trying to silence people by talking more loudly, forcefully, and persistently than them.

Neil
Hopefully, Nihal’s tips can help us all have better conversations, encounter new ideas and make friends. So, Sam, did you do any of these things when you met up with your old school friend?

Sam
I think so. We both listened to each other, there was no tittle-tattle but a little bit of gossip. Before we knew it a couple of hours had passed - but not as much time as those record-breaking telephone conservations I mentioned earlier.

Neil
Ah yes, in your question you asked how long the world’s longest telephone conversation lasted. It guessed it was an incredible 24 hours and 4 minutes… was I right?

Sam
Well, Neil, I’m afraid that was… the wrong answer. In fact, the record-breaking conversation lasted 54 hours and 4 minutes - about the same as 540 programmes of 6 Minute English!

Neil
Wow! OK, let’s recap the vocabulary we’ve learned from this programme on the art of good conversations, starting with chinwag – a long and pleasant conversation between friends.

Sam
When something is enriched, it’s improved by having something else added to it.

Neil
The survival instinct is the basic instinct in humans and animals to do something in a dangerous situation that will keep them alive.

Sam
If you build bridges, you improve relationships between people who are very different or do not like each other.

Neil
Tittle-tattle is talk about other people's lives that is usually unkind, disapproving, or untrue.

Sam
And finally, if you talk over someone, you silence or drown them out by talking more loudly than them. That’s the end of our conversation, but remember to join us soon for more trending topics and useful vocabulary. Bye for now!