[BBC Learning english] United against food waste

 

 

[1] all past its use-by date- the date printed on the food container showing how long it is safe to eat.

(해석) 전부 그것들의 사용(유통) 기한이 지난 - 음식 담은 통에 프린트된 얼마동안 안전하게 먹을 수 있는지 보여주는 날짜

 

[2] one third of the food we grow ends up in the rubbish bin. And it's not just food that's wasted

(해석) 우리가 기르는 3분의 1이 쓰레기통에서 끝난다 그리고 낭비되는건 음식 뿐만이 아니다

(e.g) Across China, there are 150 million workers like her, one third of them women, who have left their villages to work in the factories, the hotels, and the construction sites of the big cities

 

[3] Summer fruit like strawberries and mangos are flown in from tropical countries and sold in winter, increasing carbon emissions as well as waste.

(해석) 딸기나 망고같은 여름과일은 열대 나라에서 들어와서 겨울에 팔린다. 이런 것들이 탄소 배출/낭비를 증가시킨다

※ flown - fly의 pp 형태 

fly in : arrive by plane  (Justin is planning to fly in on Monday)

(e.g)

1. As last month's grounding of flights at Gatwick Airport showed us, drones can cause a lot of problems- and they can even pose a security risk- when they're flown in the wrong place

2. His father's flying in from London.

3. If you're flying in from overseas, Bournemouth and Southampton International Airports are the closest

 

[4] to encourage people to buy and eat food which has been grown in their local area, at that time of year.

(해석) 사람들에게 그 지역에서, 철에 맞는 음식을 사고 먹으라고 독려하는 것

 

※ have been pp : 현재완료 수동태
: 수동태라 함은 동사의 대상인 사람/사물/동물의 입장에서 문장을 기술하는 것인데, 이 동사의 행위가 과거에서부터 현재까지 이어져온 것을 나타낼 때 쓰임

(e.g) I have been taught to be honest by my father

※ at that time of year : 그 시기에

(e.g)

Crossing the Atlantic at that time of year was a considerable risk, as shown by Fernandez's claim that their ship barely made it back. : 그 시기에 대서양을 건너는 것은 상당히 위험했다. 그들의 배가 좀처럼 돌아오기 힘들 것이라고 하는 Ferenandez의 주장이 보여주듯이

We always go to Vineyard at this time of year : 우리는 항상 매년 이맘때 포도원에 간다

 

※ '그 당시에 ' 라고 말하고자 할때는 at that time 은 어색함 (문법적으로는 맞지만 관용적으로 세가지 어구들을 사용함)

1) 일어난 순간

That's when i decided to study English

2) 예전, 넓은 과거 상황을 얘기할 때

Back then, I knew nothing about Korea

3) 지금이랑 상황이 다른 과거 순간 (at that time 보다 at the time을 선호)

I didn't have my phone with me at the time. (그때 나 핸드폰 없었어)

It seemed like a good idea at the time (그땐 아이디어 좋아 보였는데)

 

[5] she used to have to sell her crops to these kind of middlemen.

(해석) 그녀는 그녀의 작물을 이러한 중간상들에게 팔아야 하곤 했다

※ used to + infinitive  vs. be/get used to + -ing
used to + infinitive: to talk about a past situation that is no longer true. It tells us that there was a repeated action or state in the past which has now changed

(e.g)

1. She used to be a long-distance runner when she was younger

2. I didn't use to sleep very well, but then i started doing yoga and it really helps (부정문)

3. Did you use to come here as a child ?  (의문문)

be/get used to : 'be familiar with' or 'be accustomed to'

(e.g)

She's used to the city now and doesn't get lost any more.
He wasn't used to walking so much and his legs hurt after the hike.(부정문)
I'm a teacher so I'm used to speaking in public.

In addition, We use get used to to talk about the process of becoming familiar with something.  

(e.g)

I'm finding this new job hard but I'm sure I'll get used to it soon (미래)
It took my mother years to get used to living in London after moving from Pakistan.
I'm getting used to the noise now. I found it really stressful when I first moved in. (현재진행)

 

[6] I want it half that price'.

(해석) 반값에 원해요

※ half price

 

A. I can get this product for half price (O)

B. I can get this product fof half of the price (X)

C. I can get this product for half of its price (X)

There might not be anything wrong with B.C, but they are not what we say in the US

B would be used only in comparison with another product

-> I can get chicken for half of the price of beef

 

[7] So I didn't have any way of controlling how I was going to sell - it just depended on these people coming.

(해석) 그래서 어떻게 팔아야 할지 통제할 방법이 없었어요 - 단지 그 사람들이 하는 것에 달려있었죠

※ was going to : ~ 하려고 (작정)하고 있었다 (과거의 시점에서 그 이후의 일을 생각하고 있거나, 계획 하고 있었을 때)

be going to (~하려고 한다, ~ 할 작정이다) 의 과거형태

intend to 와 유사하나 일상 언어에서는 be going to 를 더 많이 사용

(e.g)

I was gonna say " I love you" to my girlfriend, but she left for another man

I was going to tell you this, but i'd better keep it to myself

 

※ will vs be going to

I will quit my job : 일 그만 둘거야! (의지)

I am going to quit my job : 일 관두려고해 (계획)

 

[8] All this leads to food waste because it's really hard for farmers, like Josefina, to predict which crops they're going to be able to sell.

(해석) 모든 이런 것이 음식 낭비를 야기한다 josefina 같은 농부들에게는 어떤 작물을 팔 수 있을 것인지 예측하기 어렵기 때문이다 

※ be going to be able to : 가까운 미래에 가능여부

Sorry, Penny, I'm not going to be able to have dinner with you. (O)
Sorry, Penny, I'm not being able to have dinner with you. (X)
Sorry, Penny, I'm not able to have dinner with you. (O) -> It is okay to say a futrue with event with simple present

(e.g)

1. I am never going to be able to forgive myself!

2.  Am I going to be able to pull free?

3. Is that going to be able to continue ?

4. When is the camp going to be able to accept them?

 

[9] Another problem is that we throw away food after we've bought it.

(해석) 다른 문제는 우리가 음식을 구매한 이후에 그것을 버리는 것이다

※ after S + have pp : 완료 표현은 순서개념을 동사에 표현하는 것

They left before i got there (구어로 전달할 때, 헷갈릴 수 있는 경우)

--> They had left before i got there

--> They had left when i got there (before 없이도 순서 표현)

http://www.hintnote.co.kr/%EC%8B%9C%EC%A0%9Ctense%EC%9D%98-%ED%95%B5%EC%8B%AC-2%EA%B0%80%EC%A7%80-%EC%A4%91-%ED%95%98%EB%82%98-%EA%B7%B8%EB%A6%AC%EA%B3%A0-%EC%99%84%EB%A3%8Chave-pp/

시제(tense)의 핵심 2가지 중 하나 - 그리고 완료(have pp) - 힌트노트

 

[10] they have to blanket apply a shorter date to protect consumers.

(해석) 그들은 소비자를 보호하기위해 더 짧께 여유를 둬야한다  

 

blank 뜻 세가지

1. broad in scope/content

blanket statement : 일반화 하다 (싸잡아서 말하다)

guidelines policy 와 쓰이면 : 전면적인 일관적으로 적용되는

(e.g) I am in favor of being more precise and approaching it with a scalpel, not with a blanket policy

a blanket stay-home order, a blanket policy, a blanket permit, a blanket rule, a blanket ban, a blanket denial etc. 

2. wet blanket

 -- It was a wet blanket over (sth)

 -- (sb) throws a wet blanket over (sth)

To make something be less 1) enjoyable, 2) successful, or 3) important

(e.g)

A. less enjoyable

Her crappy attitude really threw a wet blanket over the party

B. Less successful

The court's decision throws a wet blanket over the president's plan for healthcare reform

C. Less important

I could tell that Sean's football victory threw a wet blanket over Sam's news about getting into the college she wanted 

---> Sean stole Sam's thunder

3. pigs in a blanket : 소세지 빵

 

[11] the date until which food is safe to eat.

(해석) 해당 음식을 안전하게 먹을 수 있을때까지의 날짜 

which food : 그 음식

※ until vs by

until : ~ 전까지 쭉

by: (늦어도) ~ 까지

(e.g)

we have to leave by 12 : 늦어도 12시까지 떠나야해

we have to wait until 12 : 12시 전까지 쭉 기다려야해 (12시부터는 가도됨)

you have to be here by tomorrow : 내일 여기 와야해

you have to be here until tomorrow : 내일 전까지는 쭉 여기 있어야 해 ( = 오늘까진 꼭 있어, 내일은 없어도 돼)

Finish this by 5 

He won't be here until tomorrow : 내일 전까지 여기엔 없을 거다 ( = 내일 올거야)

Stay here till(until) tomorrow : 내일 전까지 쭉 여기 있어 (= 내일 가)

 

---

full script

 

Neil
Hello. This is 6 Minute English from BBC Learning English. I'm Neil.

Sam
And I'm Sam.

Neil
Does this situation sound familiar to you, Sam? You reach into the kitchen refrigerator looking for something to eat, only to find a brown lettuce, a sad-looking cucumber, and some two-week old fish, [1] all past its use-by date - the date printed on the food container showing how long it is safe to eat.

Sam
Oh, I'm guilty of wasting food, Neil - me and many others. According to the UN, [2] one third of the food we grow ends up in the rubbish bin. And it's not just food that's wasted - it's also the resources used to produce that food, things like water, land and transport.

Neil
In this programme, we'll be talking about food waste. We'll meet the people trying to stop us from throwing good food away, and, as usual, we'll be learning some new vocabulary as well.

 

Sam
Here in the UK, big supermarkets import food from abroad for customers to enjoy all year round. [3] Summer fruit like strawberries and mangos are flown in from tropical countries and sold in winter, increasing carbon emissions as well as waste.

 

Neil
Yes, that's why you hear the phrase, 'eat local, eat seasonal' [4] to encourage people to buy and eat food which has been grown in their local area, at that time of year. So, Sam, my question is - which of the following foods can be grown in Britain throughout the year? Is it:
a) strawberries?
b) kale? or,
c) rhubarb?

 

Sam
Hmmm, it's definitely not strawberries 'cos they only grow in summer, so I'll say b) kale.

 

Neil
OK, I'll reveal the answer later. We've talked about supermarkets in Britain, but food waste is happening all over the world. In Puerto Rico, too, most people shop in supermarkets, making it difficult for farmers to choose what to sell, and how much to charge for their fruit and vegetables.

 

Sam
Josefina Arcay is a farmer who wanted to make it easier for customers to buy local food. She started an online shop to connect shoppers with farmers directly, without the supermarkets. Here Josefina explains her project to Jo Mathys, reporter for BBC World Service Programme, People Fixing The World.

 

Jo Mathys
So Josefina, that's the farmer who we heard earlier growing those giant avocados, [5] she used to have to sell her crops to these kind of middlemen.

 

Josefina Arcay
We had a lot of… I don't know how you call carreros... it's just people that have a big truck and they will just come by, and they will say, 'What do you have? Ohhh… that's too expensive! Wooh… very expensive! [6] I want it half that price'. [7] So I didn't have any way of controlling how I was going to sell - it just depended on these people coming.

 

Jo Mathys
And a lot of these carreros are kind of commissioned by the supermarkets. [8] All this leads to food waste because it's really hard for farmers, like Josefina, to predict which crops they're going to be able to sell.

 

Neil
Josefina used to sell her food to carreros or middlemen - people who buy food directly from the grower, and make money by selling it on to customers. Josefina had no control over what to sell, and a lot of her food went to waste.

 

Sam
Usually middlemen are commissioned - they received a payment from the supermarkets directly related to the amount they sell. But with Josefina's online shop, farmers get a fair price for their food, customers get high-quality, fresh vegetables, and less food is wasted.

 

Neil
[9] Another problem is that we throw away food after we've bought it. In fact, UN estimates that 60 percent of food waste happens in this way, often because it's past the use-by date and might not be safe to eat.

 

Sam
But according to green designer, Solveiga Pakstaite, these use-by dates aren't always accurate, something she discussed with BBC World Service's, People Fixing The World.

 

Jo Mathys
Well, food makers don't know how people will keep their products, so for instance, they might forget to put their groceries straight in the fridge when they get home. So what they do is they calculate the use-by date using a very cautious estimate.

 

Solveiga Pakstaite
Food producers and supermarkets… they kind of have to calculate it to the worst-case scenario because they don't know which product is going to get stored at the wrong temperature, so [10] they have to blanket apply a shorter date to protect consumers.

 

Neil
Supermarkets set cautious use-by dates for the worst-case scenario - the worst that could possibly happen in a situation, for example, someone getting sick and dying of food poisoning. In other words, they blanket apply use-by dates. Here, blanket is an adverb meaning applied in the same way to everything, even when there are differences between those things.

 

Sam
Doing this protects customers from bad food, but it also means a lot of safe-to-eat food gets thrown away. Maybe it's best to stick to local, seasonal food after all. Anyway, Neil, what was the answer to your question?

 

Neil
Right. I asked you which food could be grown in Britain all year round. You said kale, which was… the correct answer! Unlike strawberries and rhubarb, kale grows in all seasons, and what's more, it's good for you too! OK, let's recap the vocabulary we've learned starting with use-by date - [11] the date until which food is safe to eat.

 

Sam
The slogan eat local, eat seasonal encourages people to buy food which has been grown locally during the current season.

 

Neil
A middleman buys produce directly from the producer, before selling it on to customers for a profit. If he is commissioned, he received a payment directly related to the amount he sells.

 

Sam
The worst-case scenario describes the most serious, unpleasant thing that could happen in a situation.

 

Neil
And finally, the adverb blanket means applied in the same uniform way to everything, even when there are differences between those things. Bye for now!