[BBC Learning English] 3D printers

주요 문장

[1] Ever since, printing has been used around the world to produce books, newspapers and magazines.

(해석) 그 이후로 쭉, 프린팅은 전세계에서 책, 신문, 잡지를 생산하기 위해 사용되어 오고 있다

 

[2] Printing technology has come a long way since Gutenberg’s time

(해석) 프린팅 기술은 Gutenberg의 시대 이후로 많이 발전되었습니다

 

※ have come a long way

의미: 많이 늘었다 / 많은 발전을 이뤘다 ( to have made a lot of progress )

조동사 + come 형태 ( [have,has, had, did] + come )로 쓰이며, 주로 현재완료 (have pp) 형태로 쓰임

(예문)

You have come a long way in surfing

You've come a long way, boy

Internet technology has come a long way in the last 20 years

He's really come a long way from when he could barely hold a guitar

 

[3] printers which can build solid, three-dimensional objects out of a variety of materials 

(해석) 다양한 재료들로 만들어진 단단한, 3차원의 물체를 만들 수 있는 프린터

 

※ out of 용법

1. out of somewhre/sth: no longer in a stated place or condition (어떤 장소 혹은 상태에서 벗어나는)

she ran out of the room I left him out of the house I took my key out of my bag She looked out of the window

2. 어떤 것의 영향권 밖임을 나타낼 때

People can keep out of the sun to avoid skin cancer Come inside out of the cold The target was still out of range

3. 이유 (because of)

I put in some money into the can out of pity (그 캔에 돈을 좀 넣은 건 연민을 느꼈기 때문이에요) I accepted the job out of a sense of duty (의무감 때문에 그 일을 받아들였어) We decided to call her ex-boyfriend out of curiousity (우린 호기심에 그녀의 전남친을 부르기로 했어) Just out of interest, how old is your wife ? (궁금해서 그런데, 네 와이프는 몇살이니?)

4. 재료 (made from)

Something out of stone (something 이 stone 이라는 재료를 포함한다는 의미) The bottle is made out of plastic Please tell them to make a building out of wood or stone

5. 이용

out of something (어떤 것을 이용해서 이득을 취하거나 즐거움을 얻을때 something 을 이용했다는 의미) We've all had a lot of fun out of this game  To get the most out of your money, you have to invest (돈을 최대한 활용하려면, 투자를 꼭 해야돼) You should be able to get years more service out of that machine (그 기계를 통해서 몇년 더 서비스 받을 수 있을 거야)

6. 누군가로부터 정보 또는 어떤 것을 어렵사리 이끌어 낼 때

Did you get it out of him? We knew we could get better work out of them (우린 그들에게서 더 나은 노력을 이끌어낼 수 있다는 걸 알고 있었어) She couldn't get a work out of him all evening

7. 비율

Eight out of ten people said they liked the product

8. 기타

out of order : 고장난, 정리 안된 - His behavior in the meeting was out of order out of date : 오래된 (outdated) - That radio looks out of date out of place : 제자리에 없는, 특정 상황에 맞지 않는 - These files seems to be out of place / I felt out of place in this school out of your league: 네 분야(영역)가 아니야 - She's out of your league out of this world: 진짜 좋은 - The food at this bistro is out of this world out of work: 실직한   - Hundreds were thrown out of work  out of touch: 현재 실정에 어두운, 타인과 교류가 없는 - The people making the decisions are out of touch with the real world out of favor: 눈밖에 난 - The stocks are out of favor with investors

[4] Unlike a sculptor who chips away at a block of stone to reveal a shape underneath

(해석) 내부의 형상을 드러내기 위해 바위 조각을 깎는 조각가와는 달리

※ chip away at something 

to gradually make something less effective or destroy it

(예문)

Fears about the future chipped away at her sense of well-being

The dismantling began on the night of November 9 as hundreds of Berliners chipped away at some of the more decorative chunks

 

[5] Before Johannes Gutenberg invented his printing press, copies of texts were made by block printing, using hand-carved wooden blocks pressed into ink

(해석) Gutenberg 가 printing press 를 발명하기 전에, 텍스트 복사본은 잉크를 찍은 손으로 깎아 만든 나무 블록을 이용하여 block prining 으로 이뤄졌다.

※ using ~ : 현재분사 (~를 이용하여)

※ pressed ~ : 과거분사로 block 수식 (잉크에 찍은)

 

[6] it might have been a recipe.

(해석) 아마 recipe 일거 같아요

might have pp : (어쩌면) ~ 했을지도 몰라, [약한 추측]

(예문)

It might have come up while we were waiting for you (당신을 기다리는 동안 떠올랐던 것 같아요)

she might have gone on to great things (그녀는 크게 성공 했을지도 몰라)

Though, if only she was a couple years yonger, i might've loved here a little differently (한 두 살만 젊었어도 다른 감정을 느겼을 거야)

could have pp:  1 할 수 있었는데,, 2. .. 였을지 몰라  3 부정적 추측

1. 할수 있었는데.. (못했을 때)

I could have helped you. (but i couldn't)

You could have lent me the money (but you didn't)

2. .. 였을지 몰라 (= may, might)

It could have rained in the afternoon (= It may(might) have rained in the afternoon)

Tom could have arrived at that time (=Tom may(might) have arrived at that time)

3. 부정적 추측(couldn't have pp)

Tom couldn't have done it by himself (Tom 이 혼자서 그걸 할 순 없었을 거야)

It coudn't have been better! ([의역] 너무 좋았어! (더 좋았을 순 없었을 거야))

 

[7] but it was only after the millennium that tech companies began to realise how it could be done

(해석) 그러나 2000년대가 된 후에야 테크 회사들은 그것이 어떻게 가능한지 깨닫기 시작했다 

only after : ~ 한 후에야

(예문)

1. It is only after we've lost everything that we are free to do anything (모든 것을 잃은 후에야 무엇이든 자유롭게 할 수 있다)

2. It was only after the movie was over that i notice the real criminal (영화가 끝나고 나서야 누가 진범인지 눈치챘어)

3. I recognized her only after she introduced herself (그녀가 스스로 소개하고 나서야 그녀를 알아보았어)

4. I realized only after then (나는 그제서야 깨달았어)

5. You can enter the hotel only after 3 pm (a reservation) (3pm 이후가 되어야 호텔에 들어갈 수 있어)

 

[8] As the millennium turned, patents expired and that meant people started making very cheap 3D printers.

(해석) 2000년대가 도래하면서, 특허들이 만료됐고, 그 말은 사람들이 아주 저렴한 3D printer를 만들기 시작했다는 겁니다

that meant : 그말은, 이것은 , 즉 , 그 의미가, 그 뜻을

1. That meant i was going to be on TV

2. That meant we had to break a lot of rules of business

3. That meant there would be a demand

4. I asked again what that meant

5. The patient knew what that meant

[9] In fact, in turned out that 3D printers were excellent at making bespoke things

(해석) 사실 3D printer 는 맞춤 생산 제품을 만드는 것에 훌륭한 것으로 밝혀 졌다

 

[10] so what we have been developing is a technique to automate the whole process.

(해석) 우리가 개발해오고 있는 것은 전체 과정을 자동화 하는 기술이다

현재완료 진행

 

[11] You asked me about the earliest known text to have been printed using wooden blocks

(해석) wooden block을 이용해서 프린트된 가장 초기로 알려진 텍스트에 대해 물어봤죠

what was the oldest known text to be printed this way?

1. The area is one of the earliest known settled areas in Africa

2. The earliest known remains of humans was discovered in Kenya

3. One of the earliest known examples of industrial espionage (산업 스파이의 가장 오래된 알려진 예)

단어

mucking about : spending time playing with them in a fun way.

people started mucking about with them 

(해석) 사람들은 그것들로 재밌는 상상들을 하기 시작했다  

 

bespoke : objects which are made specially for a particular person

 

prosthetics : artificial body parts made specially for someone who has lost an arm, a leg or a foot, for example.

One area which 3D printing dramatically improved was medical prosthetics 

(해석) 3D printing 이 드라마틱하게 발전된 분야는 의료용 인공 기관이다

 

that's an artisan process which is very time-consuming and requires real artistry on the part of the ocularist 

(해석) 그것은 시간이 많이 걸리고 ocularist 개인의 실제 예술적 기교를 요하는 예술에 가까운(의역) 과정입니다 

artistry : 기교

on the part of (a person) : 1. ~으로서는, ~쪽에서는 2. ~에 의한, ~에 책임이 있는

ocularist : the ocularist is the person who fits the prosthetic eye 

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Full script

Sam
Hello. This is 6 Minute English from BBC Learning English. I’m Sam.

 

Neil
And I’m Neil. In 1436 in Germany, Johannes Gutenberg, invented the printing press - a machine capable of making many copies of the same page of text. [1]Ever since, printing has been used around the world to produce books, newspapers and magazines.

 

Sam
[2]Printing technology has come a long way since Gutenberg’s time, but even today’s most advanced laser printers have only printed flat, two-dimensional objects… until now.

 

Neil
In this programme, we’re discussing 3D printers – [3]printers which can build solid, three-dimensional objects out of a variety of materials including plastic, concrete and metal.

 

Sam
Now, Neil, when you say a printer that can make solid objects, I guess you’re not talking about a normal printer…

 

Neil

That’s right, Sam. These large and complex 3D printers work in a completely different way. [4]Unlike a sculptor who chips away at a block of stone to reveal a shape underneath, 3D printers work in the opposite way, building up physical objects by adding material layer on layer. And the ability to print objects in this way is providing solutions to many problems, as we’ll be finding out…

 

Sam
But first I have a question for you, Neil. [5]Before Johannes Gutenberg invented his printing press, copies of texts were made by block printing, using hand-carved wooden blocks pressed into ink. So - what was the oldest known text to be printed this way? Was it:

a) a religious teaching?
b) a cooking recipe? or,
c) a love letter?

 

Neil
I think [6]it might have been a recipe.

 

Sam
OK, Neil. I’ll reveal the answer later in the programme. The idea of printing solid objects is not new, [7]but it was only after the millennium that tech companies began to realise how it could be done. Here’s Professor Mark Miodownik, a material scientist at University College, London, explaining more to BBC World Service programme, People Fixing The World:

 

Professor Mark Miodownik
[8] As the millennium turned, patents expired and that meant people started making very cheap 3D printers. And people started mucking about with them and going, ‘Hold on a minute! - it’s not just an industrial tool…. You can put them in schools, you can put them in universities…Ohh, it's actually really great for prototyping’. And then people got excited about it and it became the answer to everything. Everything was going to be 3D-printed!

 

Neil
After the year 2000, 3D printers suddenly got much cheaper and tech companies started mucking about with them – spending time playing with them in a fun way. They realised that 3D printers had many uses - for example, they discovered that 3D printers were great at making prototypes – models of a product that can be tested, improved and used to develop better products.

 

Sam
Professor Miodownik thinks these tech companies were surprised at how useful 3D printing was. He uses the phrase Hold on a minute! to express this surprise or disbelief.

 

Neil
[9] In fact, in turned out that 3D printers were excellent at making bespoke things – objects which are made specially for a particular person. One area which 3D printing dramatically improved was medical prosthetics - artificial body parts made specially for someone who has lost an arm, a leg or a foot, for example.

 

Sam
In 2021, Stephen Verze, who lost an eye in a childhood accident, became the first person to be fitted with a 3D-printed prosthetic eye. It’s prosthetic, so the new eye doesn't restore Stephen’s sight, but it has boosted his confidence. Surgeon, Mandeep Sagoo, led the team at Moorsfield Hospital that operated on Stephen’s eye. Here he is explaining more to BBC World Service’s, People Fixing The World:

 

Professor Mandeep Sagoo
In many countries, particularly the developed world, there are facilities for custom-making a prosthetic eye to match the other eye, and that's an artisan process which is very time-consuming and requires real artistry on the part of the ocularist – the ocularist is the person who fits the prosthetic eye – and [10] so what we have been developing is a technique to automate the whole process.

 

Neil
Even before 3D printers, prosthetic eyes were custom-made, a word similar to ‘bespoke’ which means specially made according to a particular person’s requirements. But the traditional way of making artificial eyes by hand is very time-consuming – it takes a lot of time to do. Nowadays, 3D printing can complete the whole process in just thirty minutes.

 

Sam
It’s great to see technology helping people, and amazing how far new inventions like 3D printers have come since the days of Johannes Gutenberg… speaking of which, Neil, it’s time to reveal the answer to my question.

 

Neil
Right. [11] You asked me about the earliest known text to have been printed using wooden blocks, and I guesses it was a cooking recipe… So, was I right?

 

Sam
You were… wrong, I’m afraid, Neil! The oldest known wooden block print was actually a religious text – the Buddha’s Diamond Sutra. OK, let’s recap the vocabulary from this programme, starting with mucking about, an informal way to say playing with something carelessly, not for a serious reason.

 

Neil
A prototype is a model of a product that can be tested, improved and used to develop a better product.

 

Sam
The phrase Hold on a minute! can be used to express surprise or disbelief.

 

Neil
Prosthetics refer to artificial body parts such as arms, legs, feet or eyes, which are used to replace a missing natural part.

 

Sam
The words bespoke, and custom-made describe something specially made for a particular person.

 

Neil
And finally, if something is time-consuming, it takes a lot of time to do. Goodbye for now!